Chapter 12, Problem 40Q

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Structural formula has to be drawn for codeine and the functional group present on it has to be labeled.

Concept introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules that determine the properties of the molecules and characteristic reactions taking place in it.

Alcohol: It is an organic compound where it contains at least one $-OH$ group. It is represented as $ROH$.

Ether: Ether is a group of organic compounds where two aryl or alkyl groups are connected by an oxygen atom. It is represented as $ROR\text{'}$.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia $\left(N{H}_3\right)$ with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

In chemistry, structure is the arrangement of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule, specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond.

In complete structural formula,

• All of the atoms are shown at each end and intersection of bonds
• H atoms are shown

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Properties of drug whether changes by replacing alcohol group present in morphine by $-{\text{OCH}}_{\text{3}}$ in codeine have to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Drugs: Drugs are molecules which are taken from an external source to change the normal functioning of the body. The action of drug is in molecular level and the design of many drugs are in such a way that it mimics a particular neurotransmitter or hormone. Drugs bind with receptors showing an increased or decreased effect.