Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 48, Problem 11TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The abnormal substances present in the urine when urinalysis reveals glucose, urea, hemoglobin, and sodium.
Introduction:
Urine is the nitrogenous excretory product, which is obtained when blood passes through the kidneys under pressure. Normal urine consists of 91–96% (percent) of water along with organic and inorganic compounds. Urinalysis is a clinical test performed to detect the abnormalities present in urine.
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Which of the following pathways best describe the structures which urine has to flow through before being excreted out of the body? (Hint: some structures may be omitted, so just make sure the general order is correct)
1-Collecting duct -> bladder -> ureter
2-Collecting duct -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
3-Collecting duct -> urethra -> bladder -> ureter
4-Major calyx -> minor calyx -> renal pelvis -> urethra
Urine is not about eliminating water accumulating directly in the urinary bladder. It is instead a very sophisticated process that involves the collaboration of two systems during various phases. Discuss in great detail the urine formation steps.
The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations.
For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion
Explain how you determined this.
Chapter 48 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 48.1 - Define the terms osmosis, osmolarity, hypoosmotic,...Ch. 48.2 - How are protonephridia, metanephridia, and...Ch. 48.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 48.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 48.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 48.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 48.5 - Reptiles and birds excrete nitrogenous wastes in...Ch. 48.6 - Distinguish between ectothermy and endothermy....Ch. 48.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 48.7 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 48.8 - Prob. 1SBCh. 48 - Which of the following statements about...Ch. 48 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 48 - Which of the following correctly describes a part...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is an example of...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 48 - Discuss Concepts As a person ages, nephron tubules...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 48 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 48 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 48 - Prob. 3ITD
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- a) Describe in your own words the formation of urine in the body. b) Explain the pathway that urine takes from the kidneys to the outside of the body. Use key terminologyarrow_forwardWater though Urinary System Trace the path of the water molecule as it moves from this starting point to this ending point. Starting point: The water molecule enters a kidney in the blood plasma traveling through the renal artery. Ending point: The water molecule is excreted from the body. You may write a description, create a diagram with labels, or both to trace a path. Include as many of the following components of the urinary system and terms as you can: afferent arteriolecollecting ductdistal convoluted tubuleglomerular capsuleglomerulusmajor calyxminor calyx nephron loopproximal convoluted tubulerenal pelvisureterurethra For each of the parts of the urinary system in your path, describe a unique anatomical characteristic (size, tissue composition, etc.) or function.arrow_forwardDescribe possible variations in urinary tract anatomy. What do these mean? Would an anatomic variation affect urinary function? In what way? What is dialysis and how does it work?arrow_forward
- The experimental design in this lab involves asking a group to drink 600 mL of a liquid and then measure urinary volume and SG at 15 min intervals over a period of two hours. A graph of the results made using the averaged group data for volume and SG. Critique this grouped data procedure indicating whether this is or is not an ideal method for analyzing the effect of drinking solutions on urinary output.Explain the rationalefor your opinionand include in your answers somefactors that may contribute to group variability.arrow_forward. The experimental design in this lab involves asking a group to drink 600 mL of a liquid and then measure urinary volume and SG at 15 min intervals over a period of two hours. A graph of the results made using the averaged group data for volume and SG. Critique this grouped data procedure indicating whether this is or is not an ideal method for analyzing the effect of drinking solutions on urinary output.Explain the rationalefor your opinionand include in your answers somefactors that may contribute to group variability. The water used in these experiments was distilled deionized water (DDH2O). Why was this used instead of tap water? What is the tonicity classification of a 3% sodium chloride solution? Which substance has a specific gravity of 1.000?Explain whyarrow_forwardThe presence of either protein or glucose in a urinalysis is abnormal, but these two molecules end up in the urine for different reasons. For each of these molecules, briefly describe where in the urine production process (i.e., glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption or tubular secretion) the problem occurs, and why it might happen.arrow_forward
- Draw a schematic diagram showing the flow of water and salts in the proximal tubule of the kidney. In this diagram, put the lumen on the left side of the diagram and the extracellular fluids on the right side of the diagram. Indicate where the lumen is, where the extracellular fluid is, where the apical portion of the cell is, and show the location of the proteins that are responsible for the movement of water and salts and glucose reabsorption in this area of the kidneyarrow_forwardIngestion of carbonated soft drinks, coffee, and tea instead of water has caused us to be chronically dehydrated. Discuss the impact of this dehydration on overall health and how concentrated urine, indicated by its yellow color, signals the need for more water consumption, while clear and colorless urine indicates that water intake is sufficient.arrow_forwardA) The two kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity and are primarily responsible the formation of urine, and the regulation of extracellular fluid composition. Identify which blood vessels carry oxygenated - but waste containing - blood into the kidneys. Identify which blood vessels carry deoxygenated - but filtered - blood away from the kidneys. Approximately 1 million nephrons can be found in each kidney and are primarily responsible for the filtration of blood and extracellular fluids, and the production of urine. Nephrons perform three (3) physiological functions as they produce urine - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Identify the various structures and their locations, within each nephron, where those three (3) physiological functions are performed. Describe what is happening, in relation to the various components of blood, during the performance of those three (3) physiological functions. Define the term filtrate. Identify the two (2) harmful products excreted by the…arrow_forward
- Physiological processes are dictated by the laws of chemistry and physics. Give one example each of how a law of chemistry and a law of physics are important in understanding the regulation of renal function.arrow_forwardThe ability to reduce both volume and water concentration of urine depends on the following: a. Countercurrent flow between the descending and ascending loop of Henleb. Countercurrent flow between the vasa recta and the loop of Henlec. High interstitial osmolarity in the medullad. Recycling of urea in the nephrone. All of the abovearrow_forwardFred was diagnosed 6 months ago with liver cancer. His liver is no longer able to make the necessary amount of proteins needed by the body. What effect, if any, would this have on the net glomerular filtration rate? (Hint, decide which of the 3 forces contributing to the net filtration rate is affected. Then adjust numbers in the equation to determine if there is an increase, decrease, or no change to the net filtration rate). Group of answer choices A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure would be decreased, increasing the net glomerular filtration rate. B) Blood colloid osmotic pressure would be decreased, decreasing the net glomerular filtration rate. C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure would be decreased, increasing the net glomerular filtration rate. D) Capsular hydrostatic pressure would be decreased, decreasing the net glomerular filtration rate. E) There would be no effect on the net glomerular filtration rate.arrow_forward
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