Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 7TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The genome is the complete set of genetic materials present in a cell or an organism. Genome of many bacterial and archaeal species have been sequenced up to date. The length of bacterial and archaeal chromosomes is about few millions base pairs long and are usually circular. But linear chromosomes are also found in some species. bacterial and archaeal genomes are less complex compared to eukaryotic genome.
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Briefly discuss the following topics, including appropriate examples for each:3.1. Genomic fingerprinting for the phylogenetic analysis of bacteria 3.2. Photosynthetic pigments and environmental habitats of green sulphur bacteria3.3. Advantages of phage therapy for bacterial infections
Recombinant DNA techniques are used to custom –build bacteria for two main reasons: to make a multiple copies of desired genes and to obtain useful proteins. Give an example of each of these applications in the field of pharmaceutical, medicine and agriculture.
find an example of a set of genes that have been horizontally gene transferred between bacteria or archaea. Which organisms are the genes transferred between? Explain the set of genes that were transferred. Include what they are for and what the advantage to sharing those genes are.What do the organisms use the genes for?Which organisms the transfer happened between?What might be the advantage be to share the genes with other organisms?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Principles of Biology
Ch. 18.1 - In the procedure shown in this figure, has the...Ch. 18.1 - Refer back to Figure 9.16. Why are primers needed...Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 2BCCh. 18.1 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.1 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 18.1 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 18.2 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 18.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 18.3 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.4 - Prob. 1BCCh. 18.4 - The sizes of eukaryotic genomes vary because more...Ch. 18.4 - The members of a gene family are called paralogs....Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 18.5 - Based on their mechanism of movement, which type...Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 18.5 - A segment of DNA that moves via an RNA...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1TYCh. 18 - Prob. 2TYCh. 18 - Lets suppose you followed the protocols described...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4TYCh. 18 - Lets suppose you want to clone a gene that has...Ch. 18 - In the CRISPR-Cas technology used for mutating...Ch. 18 - Prob. 7TYCh. 18 - Prob. 8TYCh. 18 - Prob. 9TYCh. 18 - Prob. 10TYCh. 18 - Draw the structure of a dideoxyribonucleotide...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CCQCh. 18 - Prob. 3CCQCh. 18 - Identify and discuss three important advances that...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CBQ
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- Describe briefly the perks, disadvantages and use of 16s rRNA genes in taxonomic level of classification of bacteria. Cite the claims to be discussed, only here: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/CMR.17.4.840-862.2004 Create a review format of the task.arrow_forwardDiscuss why bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering, limited to: – lack of ethical concerns over their manipulation and growth – genetic code shared with all other organisms – presence of plasmidsarrow_forwardBriefly discuss the following questions in 3 to 5 sentences. What is horizontal gene transfer? What are the three mechanisms for this to occur in bacteria? What are the components needed for the processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction? How does each process occur? What genes are involved in each process? How do generalized and specialized transduction differ? What is the end result of each? What is recombination? What is the importance to bacteria & archaea? What are the two types of recombination? What are the details of each type? What components are needed for each type?arrow_forward
- In terms of microbial pathogenicity, molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that show: A microbe is the aetiological agent of a disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to disease A gene encodes a product that contributes to immunity to a disease A mutation does not contribute to diseasearrow_forwardAntibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. Eliminating competitors provides more resources for the antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that have the genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes that confer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracycline is made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besides the genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciens also has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, it would kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however, many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracycline have acquired the genes that confer…arrow_forwardThe white lines drawn indicate different lineages of bacteria throughout the experiment. The black arrows on the y-axis indicate three horizontal regions of increasing antibiotic concentration — low, medium, and high. Describe what the different groups of colored circles represent in the image to the right and explain how they differ. What has occurred to make them different? Recall that “fitness” in evolution refers to the number of offspring that survive to reproduce in a particular environment. Which group of bacteria, light brown (A) or light blue (B), has the higher fitness as depicted in this image? Explain your selection.arrow_forward
- A hypothetical gene for cephalosporin resistance is found to be carried by a transposon. Explain what a transposon is. Then explain how the cephalosporin resistance could be horizontally transferred between organisms by transformation, conjugation, and transduction. What steps/events would have to occur to allow the transposon to be transferred by each method. Also, explain how it could be transferred vertically between organisms.arrow_forwardWhat is the most important reason for evolution of bacteria? Explain briefly. Which method have been utilized to identify and therapy of cancer by determining proteomic markers?arrow_forwardEscherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium normally found in the human gut. It is harmless and may actually be beneficial to the human digestive system. There is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that produces a toxin that can kill its human host. The two strains look very similar under the microscope. Comparison of their genomes reveals that the pathogenic strain lacks 528 genes found in the normal strain and has 1,387 genes not found in the not found in the normal strain. Are the normal and pathogenic strains of E.coli separate species? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- The unicellular, rod-shaped bacterium E. coli is~2 μm long and 0.8 μm wide, and has a genomeconsisting of a single 4.6 Mb circular DNA molecule. The unicellular archaean Methanosarcinaacetivorans is spherical (coccus-shaped) with adiameter of 3 μm and has a 5.7 Mb circular genome.The unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiaeis roughly spherical, with a diameter of 5–10 μm.It has a haploid genome of 12 Mb divided among16 linear chromosomes. Given these descriptions,how could you determine whether a new, uncharacterized microorganism was a bacterium, an archaean,or a eukaryote?arrow_forwardA strain of Neisseria gonorrheae has recently acquired the ability to be resistant to the antibiotic penicillin. Evidence indicates that this is not a new mutation but rather a gene received from another bacterium. After the new genetic information recombines with the genome, how would gonorrheae use the DNA to resist the action of penicillin? The gene would be transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. The gene would translated into protein and then transcribed into RNA. The gene would be recognized as a mutation and repaired. The gene would be released from the N. gonorrheae as naked DNA.arrow_forwardVarious strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells? Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes. Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable. Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA. Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.arrow_forward
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Bacterial Genomics and Metagenomics; Author: Quadram Institute;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6IdVTAFXoU;License: Standard youtube license