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4. If lots of acetyl-CoA is being formed in the mitochondrial matrix, a particular compound will be exported into the cytosol.
a.What compound is this?
b. What effect does this compound have on fatty acid synthesis?
c. How does the compound produce this effect?
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- 19. The activation of long chain fatty acids requires which of the following components? B. ATP and CoA E. Carnitine acyl transferase I and II C. ATP, COA and fatty acyl CoA A. ATP D. Fatty acyl carnitine 20. Which of the following statements best describes the B-oxidation of fatty acids? A. B-oxidation of fatty acids is an extra mitochondrial process. B. The enzymes present in the form of multienzyme complexes. C. One acetyl CoA is produced in each turn of the B-oxidation spiral. D. The intermediates are carried by Acyl carrier protein. E. 129 ATP are required for the formation of one mol of palmitic acid.1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.
- 1. Consider the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. a. What pathway(s) does this enzyme function in? b. What cofactor does this enzyme use? c. Why is this cofactor required? d. How is this enzyme regulated? e. How does regulation of this enzyme impact the pathway(s) it operates in? How does regulation of this enzyme impact other pathway(s) we have discussed?1. For a saturated fatty acid with 28 carbon atoms: a. Write the products obtained from one cycle of beta oxidation. b. How many cycles of beta oxidation will be required for its complete breakdown? How many Acetyl CoA will be produced after its complete breakdown? (show the calculation) c. Calculate the total number of ATP molecules generated (total energy yield) after complete oxidation of this fatty acid. (show the complete Stepwise calculation)1. Consider the oxidation of the fatty acid with the common name arachidic acid. a. Draw the structure of arachidic acid. b. How many turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle is required for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid? c. How many moles of ATP are formed from one mole of arachidic acid if the acetyl CoA produced go to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Assume 1 mole of NADH is equivalent to 3 moles ATP and 1 mole FADH2 is equivalent to 2 moles of ATP. Show how you arrived at your answer
- 6. The five steps involved in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA are listed below. For each step, list the enzyme(s) that are involved. 1. Decarboxylate pyruvate 2. Reduction of lipoic acid 3. Transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A 4. Reoxidation of lipoic acid 5. Reoxidation of FADH2 → FAD2. A fat cell is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis a. Will it chose oxidative phase, non-oxidative phase or both phases of the pentose phosphate pathway for its need? Give reason. b. Explain in detail the mechanism by which theses phases are utilized by this cell to fulfill its need9. Which of the following statements is/are correct for the shown reaction? A CHg-c-s-col + CO - C-CH₂-C-S-COA A. The reaction occurs in the mitochondria B. The small molecule in box a is GTP C. The reaction is a committed step for fatty acid catabolism D. The reaction requires biotin E. None of the above
- 1. Label each statement about citric acid cycle as true or false and state why you say so. a. The citric acid cycle is a cyclic metabolic pathway that involves eight steps. b. Four molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are formed in the cycle. c. The cycle is activated when the amount of available ATP is low and energy demands are high. d. The cycle is inhibited when the concentration of NADH is low.1. Select the INCORRECT statement about Glutamate dehydrogenase : a. Catalyzes the removal of NH4+ into glutamate b.Catalyzes the incorporation of NH*4 into a-ketoglutarate c. Catalyzes the removal of NH*4 from glutamate C d. Catalyzes the incorporation of NH'4 into a-keto acid2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.