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2) Discuss the production of lactate fermentation in vertebrate muscle cells. Why is this process inefficient?
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- Muscles may become hypoxic during the early stages of exercise, causing lactate to build up. a) Describe in detail how a lack of oxygen might cause lactate to build up in the muscles. b) Explain how lactate (typically thought of as a waste product) may be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis.During the initial phase of exercise, muscles can become hypoxic which leads to the buildup of lactate. a) Fully explain how oxygen shortage can lead to the accumulation of lactate in the muscles. b) Describe how lactate (often seen as a waste product) can produce glucose via gluconeogenesis.What is the name of the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis that can lead to muscle fatigue and why does this by-product cause muscle fatigue?
- ATP for muscle contraction can be provided by ______. a. aerobic respiration b. lactate fermentation c. transfer of a phosphate from creatine phosphate d. all of the abovePlease briefly explain the ATP_modulated actomyosin cycle.A)Carrier of the activated amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into the growing peptide chain. B)Molecule that attaches to myosin and actin during muscle contraction. C)The reduced cofactor important in the TCA cycle and used in the last part of respiration. Please identify the terms.
- Select the correct answer: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? A)It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. B)It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. C)It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. D)It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin. E)It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation.a.) in human, under what condition will pyruvate be converted to lactate? what type of reaction occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate? b.) in human, what happens to pyruvate when there is sufficient oxygen supply? which enzyme is involved in this chemical reaction?Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. For this purpose, new biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, were developed and can alert endurance athletes that they are about to "hit the wall" and will find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate present in sweat during strenuous exercise. Propose a hypothesis to explain how lactate can be used as an indicator of exercise capacity.
- What is the advantage of converting pyruvate into lactate in skeletal muscle?In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.61. Degradation of glycogen in muscle fails to supply significant amounts of blood glucose because muscle lacks which of the following enzymes? A) Glucose-6-phosphatase B) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase C) Glycogen phosphorylase D) Phosphoglucomutase E) Phosphorylase kinase
