What is the number of ATP molecules that will be produced from the beta oxidation of a 22 carbon saturated fatty acid?
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1. What is the number of ATP molecules that will be produced from the beta oxidation of a 22 carbon saturated fatty acid?
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- 1. How much ATP is formed by the complete catabolism of a 16-carbon fatty acid?2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why docs the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,0 in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.4. During prolonged fasting and intense exercise, the product of fat breakdown in adipose tissue, glycerol, is one of the gluconeogenesis substrates. How can glycerol be involved in gluconcogenesis? How many moles of glycerol and ATP are required to synthesize I mole of glucose? To answer: 288 Chapter 6. Carbohydrate metabolism a) write a diagram for the glucose synthesis from glycerol and name the reactions occurring with ATP consumption; b) name the hormones that stimulate gluconcogenesis and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones; c) explain the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the regulation of gluconeoge- nesis.
- 2. After getting 300 g of carbohydrates with her meal, a student went to bed. What metabolic pathways of fatty acids have been activated in the liver about an hour after having a meal? For the answer: a) describe the glucose metabolism in the liver in this condition; b) name the metabolic pathway of fatty acids which has been activated; c) draw the scheme of this pathway and explain the fate of the end products of the pathway in the liver; d) explain the regulation of the pathway.2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why does the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,O in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital
- 1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.2. Fatty acid metabolism consists of (catabolic/anabolic) processes that generate (catabolic/anabolic) processes that create biologically important energy, and molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies). 3. Which cell organelle (Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus) is involved in fatty acid catabolism in mammalian cells? Where does the beta-oxidation take place?1.A fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms will undergo how many cycles of beta oxidation * 2.An unidentified fluid is received in the laboratory with a request to determine if the fluid is urine or another body fluid. Using routine laboratory tests, what tests would determine that the fluid is most probably urine
- 6. The lens of the eye is the light refracting medium of the eye, and it has no mitochondria. Glucose is used as an energy source in the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplics energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the question: a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes; b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis, calculate the ATP yield during the process; c) specify the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in the process; d) name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in the lens; e) write the dehydrogenation reaction and the reaction of final product formation occurring in the process; 6.3. Gluconeogenesis. Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 271 ) indicate the fate of the end product of the process and the consequences of its accumulation.6. In an experiment, students used liver tissuc samples to study the cthanol metabolism and the possibility of ethanol conversion into glucose. The ethanol introduction in the investigated medium didn't lead to glucose level increase. Why is it impossible to convert ethanol to glucose? For the answer: a) provide a scheme of gluconcogenesis, indicate the substrates of this process; b) write the reaction of ethanol oxidation in the liver; c) explain whether it is possible to use the metabolites of ethanol catabolism for the glucose synthesis.1. Compare the β-oxidation of fatty acid with that of the fatty acid synthesis.
