Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 16Q
Sketch the tree you would expect for dogs, wolves, jackals, and coyotes if dogs are derived from wolves, but different breeds are derived from different wolf populations. (Include several lineages of wolves and dogs.)
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A consortium of dairy and beef farmers has hired you to study the evolutionary origins of domestic cattle. They particularly want to know whether the humped zebu cattle of Asia and the cattle of Africa are derived from different species of wild cattle than European breeds. Outline a complete research program to study this question. Describe the sequence of steps you would need to do, what kind of data you would collect, and the methods you could use to evaluate possible trees and branches.
Discuss the relationship between the wild animals and their domesticated pets and identify the possible pattern of descent with modification from their common ancestor. (Explain your answer briefly)
Cladistics Exercise:
The following is a chart demonstrating the shared derived traits among several clades of animals. The row across the top represents the animals, the column on the left represents a
trait. An X in the box shows which animals have the particular trait, and which do not.
Take out a piece of paper and draw a diagonal line. Then add the nodes and draw in which species drop off at each node. In other words, construct a cladogram for this chart. Then take
a picture of the cladogram and upload it to complete this assignment.
Chart of Traits and Species
Rhesus
Snapping
Kangaroo Lamprey
Bullfrog Human
Tuna
Monkey
Turtle
Dorsal Nerve Cord
X
X
X
Vertebral column
X
X
Paired legs
X
Amniotic sac
Mammary Glands
Placenta
Foramen magnum
forward
TOTALS of Xs
1
6 3
7
4
2
Amnion (a membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell)
Chapter 4 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - Sketch a version of the tree in Figure 4.37 in...Ch. 4 - In the tree in Figure 4.37, identify a...Ch. 4 - What is a synapomorphy?Ch. 4 - High-crowned teeth that are well suited for...Ch. 4 - Assuming the four living species in Figure 4.38...Ch. 4 - The four fish in Figure 4.39 evolved from a common...Ch. 4 - What is homoplasy? Why does homoplasy make it more...Ch. 4 - Referring to the information in Figure 4.10,...
Ch. 4 - What is the difference between a molecular...Ch. 4 - Why is it seldom possible to exhaustively check...Ch. 4 - A clade in a phylogeny bears a label at its base...Ch. 4 - Examine the three primate phylogenies shown in...Ch. 4 - Historically, some scientists hypothesized that...Ch. 4 - Sketch the tree you would expect for dogs, wolves,...Ch. 4 - Darwin maintained that among living species, there...
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- On the phylogenetic tree, tigers are farther from the other populations on the tree. How does this observation support what you already know about lions and tigers?arrow_forwardThe matrix below provides information about each candy 'species. Each column represents a candy trait, with 1's meaning the candy bar has that trait, and 0's meaning the candy bar does not have that trait. For example, Cherry Mash (24) is the only candy bar with the Cherry trait, while both Almond Joy (21) and Mounds (22) have the Coconut trait. (The trait matrix tells you which candy bars have which traitsYou do not need to be familiar with them beforehand ) Based upon this phylogenetic tree and this trait matrix, is the following statement supported? True for 'yes, the statement is supported, False for 'no, the statement is not supported 1)" Peanut butter " (18, 3) evolved convergently . True or false 2) Coconut (21, 22) is a paraphyletic trait . True or false 3)The ancestral Candy bar tasted of mint True or false 4) “Mint” is not a recently derived trait True or falsearrow_forwardBecause the genomes of chimpanzees and humans are almost identical, and the difference between them are no greater than any two humans, their classification has been changed. Chimpanzees and humans are placed in the same family and subfamily. They are in different “tribes”, which is a rarely used classification category between subfamily and genus. The former classification of chimpanzees and humans placed them in different families. Do you believe that chimpanzees should be classified in the same family and/or subfamily as humans? Or do you prefer the previous classification? Which way seems prejudicial? Give your reasoningsarrow_forward
- The table below shows four different species: alligators, chimpanzees, tuna, and finches. The table indicates if each species contains a specific trait, such as mammary glands, amni- otic egg, vertebrae, gizzard, feathers, or four limbs. Traits (+/- indicates presence/absence) Chimpanzee Species A Alligator B с Tuna Finch A table that shows derived traits in various species. gizzard amniotic egg Mammary Amniotic Glands Egg feathers + D vertebrae + + + Vertebrae + + + + Gizzard + + Based on the information in the table above, which trait provides the strongest evidence that the various species in the table were derived from a common ancestor? Feathers + Four Limbs + + +arrow_forwardYou become interested in monarch butterfly conservation and begin investigating milkweeds (genus Asclepias), their larval host plant. You decide to construct a phylogeny for Illinois milkweed species based on DNA sequence data. You sequence a chloroplast gene from five species, as shown in the table below. For your outgroup, you sequence Tropical milkweed, a species that is more distantly related to the other species. Using parsimony, construct the tree that requires the fewest number of mutations. Starting with your inferred ancestral sequence, mark each mutation and its sequence position on your tree. Hints: Assume the outgroup sequence is the ancestral sequence. Focus on the shared mutations (synapomorphies). Sites that do not vary among species are not useful for phylogenetics and can be ignored. Mutations that only occur in one species (autapomorphies) should be marked on the tree but do not help in constructing the tree. Table 1. Sequence 175-186 in chloroplast trnL/F gene…arrow_forwardFill in the following table. Mark an "X" if an organism has the trait. Add each of these organisms to the cladogram below: human, snake, monkey, lizard Opposable |thumbs Hair legs Eyes Human Snake Monkey Lizardarrow_forward
- The biological species concept is based on the assumption that species are reproductively isolated and do not share genes. And yet a number of organisms that are considered different species hybridize (mate and exchange genes). Hybridization between different species is more common in plants than in animals. Propose some possible reasons for this difference.arrow_forwardExamine the phylogenetic tree of several species of lizards. Zebra-tailed Lizard Western Whiptal Desert Iguana A Which two lizards will have the most similar DNA sequence? Fringe-toed Lizard and Horned Lizard Fringe-toed Lizard and Zebra-tailed Lizard Desert Iguana and Zebra-tailed Lizard Desert Iguana and Western Whiptail Fringe-toed Lizard Horned Lizardarrow_forwardPlease provide abd explain four example of hybrid zone in animals . How large is the area of hybridization. What prezygotic isolating mechanism prevent the species from interbreeding outside the hybrid zone. is the frequency of hybrid matings increasing or decreasing through time.arrow_forward
- In the United States, the rare red wolf (Canis lupus) has been known to hybridize with coyotes (Canis latrans), which are much more numerous. Although red wolves and coyotes differ in terms of morphology, DNA, and behavior, genetic evidence suggests that living red wolf individuals are actually hybrids. Red wolves are designated as an endangered species and hence receive legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Some people think that their endangered status should be withdrawn because the remaining red wolves are hybrids, not members of a "pure" species. Do you agree? Why or why not?arrow_forwardMost fish species are considered cold-blooded because they can't generate body heat like birds and mammals. Billfishes and Tunas are notable exceptions. These fish can generate significant amount of body heat and are thus considered warm-blooded. The tree below shows the relationship among several species of fish including billfishes and tunas. The triangles show the inferred origins of "warm-blood" in billfishes and tunas. Knowing that the most recent common ancestor of all the fish in the tree was cold-blooded and that all the fishes in the tree except tunas and billfishes are cold-blooded, what can be said?arrow_forwardThe images below depict a female (left) and male (right) primate of the same species. Based on these images, would you agree that a high degree of sexual dimorphism is present? If so, what traits indicate this? Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Yes, a high degree of sexual dimorphism. No sexual dimorphism - these would be considered an example of sexual monomorphism. Male has much larger canines. Male has a sagittal crest Male is much larger in overall sizearrow_forward
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FOSSIL FRIDAY: Primate Evolution | Grades 7-10; Author: Museum of the Rockies;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tVLfvm3AFk;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY