Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 10Q
Referring to the information in Figure 4.10, explain why the bones found in bird wings and bat wings are homologous. Then explain why the use of the forelimb for powered flight is a convergent trait in birds and bats.
Figure 4.10 Major monophyletic groups of tetrapods Gray triangles at branch tips represent diversifications within monophyletic groups that could, space permitting, be represented by multifarious evolutionary trees. Based on Gans and Clark (1976), Meylan (2001), Alibardi and Maderson (2003), Kearney (2003), Mindell and Brown (2005), Carroll (2007), Laurin and Reisz (2007), Claessens (2009), Hoffmann et al. (2010), Laurin (2011), and Laurin and Gauthier (2011).
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Using the terms listed below, answer all the parts to this question regarding the cladogram for the frogs
Anatomy of a Cladogram
Sympleisiomorphies—shared ancestral states
Synapomorphies—shared, derived character states
Autapomorphies—unique, derived character states
Homoplasies—the result of parallel or convergent evolution where 2 or more organisms independently acquire the same character state (could be the result of a reversal—when, in a particular lineage, a character reverts from a derived back to an ancestral state). Similarity in appearance, but not origin.
Monophyletic group—group of all descendants of a common ancestor
Paraphyletic group—group of some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
Polyphyletic group – group of individuals that descend from more than one common ancestor
Polytomy—3 or more taxa emerging from a single node who do not share the most common ancestor
Homologies—Similarities resulting from descent from a common ancestor
Analogies - Similarities…
Using the terms listed below, answer all the parts to this question regarding the cladogram for the frogs
Anatomy of a Cladogram
Sympleisiomorphies—shared ancestral states
Synapomorphies—shared, derived character states
Autapomorphies—unique, derived character states
Homoplasies—the result of parallel or convergent evolution where 2 or more organisms independently acquire the same character state (could be the result of a reversal—when, in a particular lineage, a character reverts from a derived back to an ancestral state). Similarity in appearance, but not origin.
Monophyletic group—group of all descendants of a common ancestor
Paraphyletic group—group of some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
Polyphyletic group – group of individuals that descend from more than one common ancestor
Polytomy—3 or more taxa emerging from a single node who do not share the most common ancestor
Homologies—Similarities resulting from descent from a common ancestor
Analogies - Similarities…
Chapter 4 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - According to the evolutionary tree in Figure 4.37,...Ch. 4 - Sketch a version of the tree in Figure 4.37 in...Ch. 4 - In the tree in Figure 4.37, identify a...Ch. 4 - What is a synapomorphy?Ch. 4 - High-crowned teeth that are well suited for...Ch. 4 - Assuming the four living species in Figure 4.38...Ch. 4 - The four fish in Figure 4.39 evolved from a common...Ch. 4 - What is homoplasy? Why does homoplasy make it more...Ch. 4 - Referring to the information in Figure 4.10,...
Ch. 4 - What is the difference between a molecular...Ch. 4 - Why is it seldom possible to exhaustively check...Ch. 4 - A clade in a phylogeny bears a label at its base...Ch. 4 - Examine the three primate phylogenies shown in...Ch. 4 - Historically, some scientists hypothesized that...Ch. 4 - Sketch the tree you would expect for dogs, wolves,...Ch. 4 - Darwin maintained that among living species, there...
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- In the late 1800's, a biologist studying animal embryos coined the phrase, "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny", meaning that the physical development of an animal embryo (ontogeny) seemed to retrace the changing form of the species during its evolutionary history (phylogeny). Why would embryonic development retrace evolutionary steps?arrow_forwardA study inferred a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on sequence data from a specific gene. Numbers represent bootstrap support values for each clade. Based on the study's findings, how certain should we be that marsupials are sister to placental mammals, rather than monotremes? What number is used to represent this certainty, and how was it calculated?arrow_forwardFor each statement about the trees shown below, indicate whether it is TRUE (1) or FALSE (2). These trees show that there are far more species of tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs) than there are of bony fishes. Only tree 1 is accurate because it shows humans, the most complex species, at one end and fishes, the simplest lineage, at the other end. Humans and lizards are equally closely related to frogs according to both trees. The only difference between these two trees is that some of the internal nodes have been rotated. They show the same topology and therefore represent the same evolutionary relationships. The lineage represented by fishes has been evolving for a much longer time than the lineage represented by lizards.arrow_forward
- In the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Cladogram A Cladogram B Hippos Horses Hippos Whales Ruminants Pigs Camels Horses Mesonychids Time Time Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available. Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms. Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available. Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.arrow_forwardA bat wing and a cat paw have different functions but similar bones and development. Which term best describes the bat wing and cat paw (both are mammals)? Question options: Embryological structures Analogous structures Homologous structures Genealogical structures Which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cannot fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could Question options: The Antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren; therefore there is no place to fly. Ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in the water; therefore they passed their genes for shorter wings structure onto their offspring. Ancestral penguins did not use their wings for long periods of time; therefore today’s penguins have only tiny, nonfunctional wings. The cold and wind of Antarctica make flight impossible; therefore penguins that live…arrow_forwardBased on the phylogenetic tree diagram in Figure 34.2, predict which vertebrate groups should have lungs or lung derivatives. Explain.arrow_forward
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