Chapter 23.4, Problem 23.12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the reaction should be identified when 2-butene undergoes hydrogenation reaction using palladium catalyst.

Concept Introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Lindlar catalyst: This process heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium $\left(Pd\right)$ deposited on $\left(CaC{O}_3\right)$ which is poisoned with several of lead (or) sulphur. This reagent used for the hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the reaction should be identified when 2-butene undergoes bromination using ${\text{Br}}_{\text{2}}$.

Concept Introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Bromination of alkenes:

Alkene undergoes bromination which yields the dibromo compound (vicinal dibromides or 1,2-dibromides).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the reaction should be identified when 2-butene undergoes hydration.

Concept Introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).