Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260211887
Author: WILLEY, Sandman, Wood
Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Chapter 40, Problem 3AL
Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to change their surface antigens frequently. Given the kinetics of a primary immune response (primary antibody production), how often would the surface antigen need to be changed to stay “ahead” of the antibody specificity?
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Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.
Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein that facilitates their insertion into the cell membrane of a pathogen?
Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all
vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing
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having high affinity for the antigen.
being efficient at activating the complement cascade.
having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers.
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Chapter 40 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 40.2 - What is the morphology of B. dermatitidis in the...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.3 - How is a schizont formed? What is the cell type...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 2MICh. 40.3 - What is the primary reservoir of leishmanias? What...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 3CC
Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.4 - How do fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses gain...Ch. 40.4 - Describe two piedras that infect humans.Ch. 40.4 - Briefly describe the major tineas that occur in...Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 40.5 - Upon entry into the human host by the nose or...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 40.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.6 - What parts of the human body can be affected by...Ch. 40.6 - Prob. 5CCCh. 40 - Prob. 1RCCh. 40 - Prob. 2RCCh. 40 - Prob. 4RCCh. 40 - Prob. 5RCCh. 40 - Prob. 1ALCh. 40 - Prob. 2ALCh. 40 - Trypanosomes are notorious for their ability to...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4ALCh. 40 - Prob. 5AL
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- The figure above depicts an antibody. For the labeled areas, which statement among A-D is not correct? A) O Mature, functional IgA antibodies possess a total of two sites labeled A B) O Your IgM antibodies are all similar in these areas: A C) O During opsonization, area B would bind to a bacterium D) O Your IgD antibodies are all different in this area: B 111 E) O None are matched correctly. B.arrow_forwardDraw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.arrow_forwardWhich cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has the same antigen-binding avidity as the intact antibody, but is unable to activate complement after binding to a pathogen?arrow_forward
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- Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forwardSmallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the etiology of the disease and the current state of the world’s immunity to smallpox, discuss how effective (or ineffective) a smallpox weapon might be. What kind of defense could be mounted against such an attack?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20 proteins that play a key rolein host defense by specifically acting in different waystoward different microorganisms.(b) Its general functions include enhancing phagocytosis byphagocytes, lysing microbes and enveloped viruses directly, and generating peptide fragments that regulateinflammation and immune responses.(c) It is a fast-acting innate host defense that works in a cascade.(d) There are three pathways classical, lectin, and alternative.(e) The effects of each activation pathways are the same.arrow_forward
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