Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important
(b)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important chemical reactions.
(c)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important chemical reactions.
(d)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important chemical reactions.
(e)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important chemical reactions.
(f)
Interpretation:
We have to interpret the chiral molecule, geometrical isomers with oxidation and decarboxylation reactions.
Concept Introduction:
A chiral carbon atom is the carbon atom which is bonded with four different atoms or group of atoms. The geometrical isomers are due to the presence of C=C bond in the molecule in which the double bonded carbon atoms must be bonded with two different groups. Oxidation and decarboxylation are two most important chemical reactions.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
- For a given acid HA, it was determined that at pH 6.0 the concentration of the conjugate base [A] was 0.075 M and the acid [HA] was 0.025 M. What percent of this acid is ionized at pH 6.0? What is the pKa of this acid? What pH would this acid be 50% lonized?arrow_forwardConsider the following biochemical reactions: H₂N-CH-C-NH-CH-C- CH3 _________ reaction A B с HO-CH2 H HO -OH H OH H H OH OH + H₂O ATP ADP enzyme 0 0 0 NADH enzyme enzyme type of enzyme needed to catalyze this reaction HỎ 2 H₂N- CH₂ NAD La pl OH -O, H он н ¸ÑLÒ¯ CH₂ H OH In the table below, write the type of enzyme that catalyzes each reaction. Note: be sure to use only the 6 standard enzyme types. OH A B сarrow_forwardProteins are thermodynamically unstable molecules since the Delta G of hydrolysis is quite negative. However, most proteins are not degraded unless they come into contact with proteases in cells. What is the reasoning for this paradox? The reaction is endergonic and will not proceed without energy. There is very little water inside cells to react with protein molecules. The free energy change doesn't reveal anything about the rate of the reaction. The concentration of proteins are low which allows them to be more stable.arrow_forward
- Match each enzyme class to the type of reactions catalyzed. Enzyme Class [11][ Type of Reactions Catalyzed reactions involving the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another energetically unfavorable reactions that require ATP to form new bonds oxidation-reduction reactions reactions that eliminate or form a double bond hydrolysis reactions isomerization reactions hydrolase Answer Bank transferase ligase lyase isomerase oxidoreductasearrow_forwardThe first step in the catabolism of most amino acids is the removal of the nitrogen atom by transfer to an a-keto acid, a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called a transaminase. The a-keto acid acceptor is often a-ketoglutarate. Modify the structures in the product to show the products of the transamination of cysteine. Be sure to show functional groups with the charge and number of attached hydrogen atoms appropriate for pH 7.4. transaminase + O=C H₂N-CH + CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ SH Incorrect H₂N || CH | CH₂ | CH₂ I || O || n | CH₂ T SHarrow_forwardWhen the reaction below reaches equilibrium, does the equilibrium lie on the left or the right side? Briefly explain. ClO– + CH3CO2H ⇌ HClO + CH3CO2– When the terminal phosphate is cleaved from the adenosine triphosphate molecule, the products are adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, ATP + H2O ––> ADP + Pi, where Pi stands for the various forms of phosphate that exist at the pH of the particular solution. If the total concentration of Pi is 2.5 x 10–2M, what are the concentrations of the predominant forms of phosphate that exist at pH 7.4? Permanganate, MnO4–, can act as an oxidizing agent in both acidic and basic aqueous solutions. Balance each of the following reactions by the half–reaction method, showing all steps in the balancing process. MnO4– + Al ––> MnO2 + Al(OH)4– in aqueous base MnO4– + CH3COOH ––> Mn+2 + CO2 in aqueous acidarrow_forward
- What are the products for the chemical reaction of C2H5OH+O2—->arrow_forwardPredict the product(s) obtained when each of the following compounds is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Select all that apply. 18.41d * Your answer is incorrect.arrow_forwardOxaloacetate is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase because it is structurally very similar to succinate as shown below. Also, its binding to the enzyme does not involve any covalent bond formation. What type of inhibitor is oxaloacetate? COO | CH₂ 1 CH₂ 1 COO Succinate COO | CH₂ C=O COO Oxaloacetate O a noncompetitive inhibitor both a noncompetitive and an irreversible inhibitor O an irreversible inhibitor O a competitive inhibitorarrow_forward
- Predict the products of the following hypothetical biochemical reaction: ++ -O-CH2O. H H OH OH H OH + H₂O Specifically, in the space below draw the chemical structure of each product of this reaction. You can assume the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme and takes place at physiological pH. Note: if there is more than one product, you can draw them in any arrangement you like. But don't draw more than one copy of any product, even if the reaction produces more than one molecule of it. You can use common abbreviations for small molecules, like "H₂O" for water. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. X Śarrow_forwardIdentify the modes of catalysis and when / why they occur• Acid-base • Covalent• Transition state stabilization• Catalysis by proximity • Catalysis by strain• Lock & key is better seen as describing substrate binding to active sitearrow_forwardGive the name of the enzyme that will most likely catalyze each of the following reactions: O CH3 - CH2 - OH + NAD+ → CH3 – C – H + NADH + H+ Ans. ___________________________________________ CH3 – C – COOH + R – CH – COOH → CH3 – CH – COOH + R – C – COOH O NH2 NH2 O HO – C – CH – CH2 – C – OH → HO – C – CH = CH – C – OH + H2O O OH O O O CO2 + CH3 – C – C – OH + ATP → HO – C – CH2 – C – C – OH + ADP + Pi O O O O…arrow_forward
Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
World of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
World of ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780618562763Author:Steven S. ZumdahlPublisher:Houghton Mifflin College Div