The Paramecium, is large enough to allow the insertion of a microelectrode, thus permitting the measurement of the electrical potential between the inside of the cell and the surrounding medium (the membrane potential). The measured membrane potential is -35mV in a living cell. What would happen if you added valinomycin to the surrounding medium which contains sodium and potassium ions? Valinomycin will ( Select ) which will result in the membrane potential ( Select )
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- It is typically sufficient to rupture cells when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to 0.001M. Calculate what transmembrane pressure this would result in. Use that to access if the red blood cells would break. Yes or No? Compare to the transmembrane pressure when cells are in normal saline solution (0.91%NaCl) -> 0.156M(change unit to osM) Basically Calculate the transmembrane pressure when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to 0.001M Determine if that transmembrane pressure would result in the breakage of red blood cells Calculate the transmembrane pressure when cells are in a normal saline solution and compareConsider the transport of K+ ions from a surrounding fluid (where [K + ] = 30 mM) into a cell (where [K + ] = 420 mM) where the membrane electrical potential is -0.15 V. Is this process favorable?The rapid upstroke of a SA nodal cell action potential is due to the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. answer should clearly state whether or not the statement is correct and then concisely explain why. the answer should be 3-5 sentences and address all of the points in the statement. Here is an example: Both transmembrane carrier proteins and transmembrane channel proteins can mediate active transport of a hydrophilic solute through a cell plasma membrane. This statement is incorrect. Movement of a solute through a channel protein is always passive, whereas carrier-mediated transmembrane transport can be either passive or active. A transmembrane channel protein creates a pore through the membrane allowing for simple diffusion of a hydrophilic solute down a concentration gradient through the membrane. In contrast, transmembrane carrier protein interacts with and ‘escorts’ a hydrophilic solute through the membrane and is capable of transporting a solute against a concentration…
- Two to three drops of mouse blood samples were placed in three different vials containing 0.07 M NaCl,0.15 M NaCl, and 0.30 M NaCl. A drop from each of the three vials were obtained and put on a slide forobservation under HPO. The effects of the different osmotic concentrations on the cells are shown in figures in your worksheets. Label the cell membrane for each figure. Give a short description (size and cell shape) for each of the RBC samples on the space provided in your worksheet. Compare their appearances with RBCs in the blood smear. Use the following guide questions in providing descriptions for each item. Which preparation has cells that look similar as those in the blood smear? What does this indicate about the movement of water in the cells? In which solution do the cells appear differently from the normal RBCs? What part of the cell could have possibly controlled such movement of water? What is its property that allowed this movement?The following table shows experimental results of the glucose transport rate, mM/sec, following facilitated diffusion by glucose carrier proteins. (Recall: the starting conc. L represents glucose added to one side of the membrane; distilled water, omM of glucose was added to the other side of the membrane). The rate of glucose transport was 0.0031 mm/sec with 8mM of glucose (run number 4, highlighted); the rate decreased to 0.0017 mM/sec with 10mM of glucose (run 5, highlighted). Why was the rate of glucose transport slower when the concentration gradient was increased? Experiment Results Run Number Solute 1 1 2 2 3 33 4 4 5 6 6 Na Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Nat Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Nat Cl Glucose Start Conc. L Start Conc. R (MM) (mM) 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 Carriers 500 500 500 500 700 700 700 700 100 100 700 700 Rate (mm/sec) 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0023 0.0000 0.0010…Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na+– glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 163 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is −54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C.
- An analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?Many cells in the human body maintain an electric potential difference across their cellular membranes, typically through the use ion-specific pumps and channels that generate an excess of negative charges on the inside of the cellular membrane and an excess of positive charges on the outside. Let us estimate the total energy stored in the human body by this type of charge separation.Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Nat-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na+]out) is 155 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+ lin) is 21.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AGgluc = kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose] in to [glucose]out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? O 2700 7.89 O 1.14 3.7 x 10-4
- You have two solutions that are isosmotic to each other and to a cell. However, when testing for tonicity, one of these solutions is hypotonic and one is isotonic. Briefly explain how this is possible.Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na* concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na* ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Nat concentration outside the cell ([Na lout) is 141 mM and that inside the cell ([Na* lin) is 19.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AGglac 9.63 Incorrect kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose), to [glucose)out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? O 2700 1.13 3.7 x 10- 7.90Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na*-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na* lout) is 147 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 17.0 mM, and the cell potential is -54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AG gluc kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose]in to [glucose] out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? 1.13 2.3 × 10-4 8.36 4300