Choose high or low When the ion binding sites pumps are open to the inside of the cell the pump has a high/low affinity to potassium and a high/low affinity for sodium. When the ion binding sites are open on the outside the pump has a high/low affinity to potassium and a high/low affinity to sodium
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- Let’s say that the intracellular tonicity is 300 mosm. Checkmark the correct response to what would happen to the cell when it is placed in the following solutions prepared from sucrose (impermeable), NaCl (impermeable), and urea (permeable). Solution Nothing Swell Shrink 100 mM sucrose 200 mM NaCl 300 mM urea 300 mM NaCl 100 mM sucrose + 100 mM NaCl 100 mM ureaThe top panel (a) of this figure shows the graded potential change (far right, upper, electrical trace) that results from ligand binding to the ligand gated Na+ channel. The bottom panel of this figure (b) shows a graded potential change (far right, lower, electrical trace) that results from ligand binding to a ligand gated Cl- channel. From this trace you know (Vm = -70 mV) 1. ECl- is -70 mV 2. ECl- is more negative than -70 mV (i.e., -80 mV) 3. ECl- is more positive than -70 mV (i.e., -60 mV)Chloride ions (Cl-) behave a bit differently to Na+ and K+ in that most cells don't have active Cl- transporters. As a result, the concentration gradient for Cl- is not 'set' like it is for Na+ and K+. There are, however, a limited number of Cl- leak channels in the cell membrane. As a result, Eci generally matches resting membrane potential - around - 70mV. Considering this, answer the following questions. If Cl- can cross the cell membrane, is not being actively transported, and membrane potential is -70mV, will there be a concentration gradient for Cl-?
- If a metabotropic (GPCR) receptor is activated, all of the following can occur except for Opening of a G protein-gated ion channel. Changes in gene expression. Opening of an ion channel within the receptor. Changes in the levels of a second messenger.The Graph below shows the binding curves of two proteins (A and B) for the same ligand (L). Use this Graph and determine the dissociation constant, K, for both proteins. Which protein (A or B) has a greater affinity for ligand L? Which of the two proteins would be more easily inhibited by an antagonist? 1.0 Y 0.5 2 A 4 6 B 8 [L] (μM) 10 12 14 16The high affinity ion binding site on P-class pumps is on side of the membrane where the ion is in low concentration. True False
- Some cells in the body express a Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter which pumps Cl- into the ICF. Where these pumps are present, the same GABA receptor is actually excitatory. Again, in the context of ECl describe how the same receptor would be excitatory in cells which actively pump Cl- into the ICF.Hydrophobic signals after binding to the cell-surface receptors activate downstream signal transduction proteins inside the cells. Select one: O True O FalseYou perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which contains the GPCR of interest. If an agonist and an inverse agonist are at equal concentrations in your study but the inverse agonist has a 10 x higher affinity for the receptor than the agonist, what would you expect to be the overall outcome to be? More of the agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its active conformation and is stimulated More of the inverse agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its inactive conformation and is unstimulated.
- The membrane of most cells, including neurons, contains passive, open, K' leak channels. Given the normal K' concentrations and the resultant concentration gradient, which direction would K' be expected to move (diffuse) through these leak channels? Select one: 1/into the cell 2/out of the cellThe tight binding sites required for ion selectivity should slow the progress of ions through a channel, yet ion channels achieve rapid rates of ion transport. How is this paradox resolved?The sodium-calcium-exchanger (NCX) protein is an antiport protein that is located in the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in humans as well as other cells. Antiport proteins transport two different solutes in opposite directions. The sodium-calcium-exchanger protein functions by secondary active transport and requires the sodium-potassium pump in order to function. The sodium-potassium pump functions by primary active transport and transports sodium ions from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. • Describe how the sodium-potassium pump provides energy for the function of the sodium-calcium-exchanger. Considering that the NCX protein is an antiport protein, describe the concentration gradient of calcium on both sides of the cell membrane. Describe the direction that the calcium ions are transported.
