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- α-Bungarotoxin is a powerful neurotoxin found in the venom of a poisonous snake (Bungarus multicinctus). It binds with high specificity to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR; an integral membrane protein) andprevents its ion channel from opening. This interaction was used to purify AChR from the electric organ of torpedo fish.(a) Outline a strategy for using α-bungarotoxin covalently bound to chromatography beads to purify the AChR protein. (b) Outline a strategy for the use of [125I]α-bungarotoxin to purify the AChR protein.Which patch clamp technique should be used if you want to investigate the effect a compound has presynaptically with varying concentration?What compounds or probes could you use to investigate (a) G-protein–mediated signal transduction, (b) nitric oxide signal transduction, and (c) calcium ion-dependent fluxes and effects.
- Which statement is TRUE regarding the Na+ voltage-gated channel in neurons? A) Similar to the potassium ion channel, it exists as a tetramer in the membrane. B) Aspartate residues are part of the voltage-sensing helices. C) Positive membrane potentials on the extracellular side will close the channel. D) Ion specificity comes from the voltage-sensing helices.In many organisms, the central nervous system relies on specialized cells called neurons to propagate an electrochemical signal along the axon of each neuron. The propagation of this signal relies on the sodium-potassium pump, a membrane-bound protein that alter- natingly moves three sodium ions outside of the cell against the concentration gradient and moves two potassium ions into the cell along the concentration gradient. Based on the information above, which is most likely true about the sodium-potassium pump? A B с D It requires ATP to move the sodium ions outside of the cell and to move potassium ions into the cell. It requires ATP to move the potassium ions into the cell. It requires ATP to move the sodium ions outside of the cell against the concentration gradient. It does not require ATP to move the sodium ions outside of the cell or to move potas- sium ions into the cell.Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)
- In the experimental setup described in the attached figure (Figure 2.5 of the textbook), the middle panel shows two compartments with 10 mM KCI on the left (inside) and 1 mM KCL on the right (outside), separated by a membrane that is permeable to K+. What would initially happen if you replaced the KCI solutions with NaCl solutions (1 mM on the left or inside and 10 mM on the right or outside)? (A) Inside 1 mM KC Voltmeter Outside 1 mM KCI Permeable to K Nonet Bux of K (B) Initial conditions Initially Inside Outside 10 mM KC 1 mM KC Net flux of K from inside in outside → At equilibrium --58 mY Inside Outside 10 mM KCI 1 mM KC Flux of K from inside to outside balanced by opposing membrare potential Membrane potential (A) -116 [KL] 4 tended change O Na+ would move up its concentration gradient from the left (inside) to the right (outside) compartment. O Na+ would move down its concentration gradient from the right (outside) to the left (inside) compartment. O Na+ would not move because…Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.The Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below: A. Knowing the amino acid sequence of this protein, what tool would you use to identify the membrane-spanning region? Explain how it works.
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 °C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.10 M on the “right side” and 0.01 M on the “left side”, given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (-). (a) Membrane permeable only to Na+ (b) Membrane permeable only to Cl– (c) Membrane equally permeable to both ionsConsider the transport of K+ ions from a surrounding fluid (where [K + ] = 30 mM) into a cell (where [K + ] = 420 mM) where the membrane electrical potential is -0.15 V. Is this process favorable?What is Anchorage Dependence? Describe the different Cell Junctions in Animal cells. What is the only Cell Junction in Plant cells? Why do Plant cells only have one type of Cell Junction? Explain Cell-Cell signaling involving Signal Transduction and G-Proteins.