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- 7. Why are electron carriers (NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2) so important in the process of cellular respiration? a) They deliver electrons to the ETC, which in turn sets up chemiosmosis, where most of the ATP is generated. b) They separate the electrons from the protons so that the protons can be moved out of the mitochondrion. c) NADH and FADH2 are major components of the ETC, so without them, there would be no ETC in the cell. d) The electrons that they carry are able to directly phosphorylate ADP in order to generate the bulk of ATP in the cell. e) They transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane.6. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration? A) It involves the reduction of oxygen. B) It involves the oxidation of oxygen. C) It involves the reduction of lactic acid. D) It involves the oxidation of lactic acid. E) It does not generate ATP.9 .The energy of electron transport (by the ETC) serves to move protons (hydrogen ions, or H+) to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. How does this help the mitochondrion produce ATP? a) This movement of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion. b) The protons pick up electrons from the electron transport chain on their way through the inner mitochondrial membrane c) The protons receive electrons from the NAD+ and FAD that were accepted in glycolysis ad the citric acid cycle d) The protons are transferred to oxygen in an energy-releasing reaction
- 5. What is the one characteristic shared by aerobic cellular respiration, lactic acid fermentation, and alco- holic fermentation? A) They all do not use O2 to make ATP. B) They all use lactic acid to make ATP. C) They all use O2 to make ATP. D) They all use alcohol to make ATP.15. For cells that are capable of aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation, such as yeast cells, one pathway may be favored over the other in certain circumstances. Which of the following accurately describes an advantage of the fermentation pathway, when compared to aerobic cellular respiration? a) Fermentation is less costly for the cell because it does not involve enzymes b) Fermentation generates a higher amoung of ATP per glucose substrate c) Fermentation is quicker because it does not involve glycolysis d)Fermentation can occur in the absence of oxygen (O2)6. With the presence of fast-food chains, many people have the opportunity to «have a quick bites while their daily physical activity is decreased. Explain why such a diet leads to obcsity more quickly under hypodynamic conditions. For answer: a) draw the charts of metabolic pathways in adipocytes with their activation leading to increased weight; b) give the origin of substrates, enzymes, ways of using final products; c) draw an appropriate chart and describe the stages of sequential hormonal signal transduction to adipocytes and explain the biological effects of the hormonc.
- 8. Anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic respiration in that... a) in anaerobic respiration oxygen is not the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain. b) anaerobic respiration can only produce 2 ATP. c) anaerobic respiration only includes the metabolic pathway of glycolysis. d) anaerobic respiration is an anabolic reaction type.3. a) List the three steps of aerobic respiration in which a cell takes a molecule of glucose and produces energy, carbon dioxide and water? b) Photosynthesis is broken down into light reaction and dark reactions: What are the products and reactants of the light reactions? What are the products and reactants of the dark reactions?1.does the rate of a membrane reaction increase of decrease when -increase oxygen concentration -decreased FADH concentration -decreased ATP concentration -increased NADH concentration 2. Does the rate of glycolitic reaction increase or decrease under these conditions? -increased NAD+ concentration -increased phophate concentration -increased pyruvate concentration -increased ATP concentration -increased ADP concentration 3. Does the rate of matrix reaction increase or decrease when -increase pyruvate concentration -increase phosphate concentration -increase FAD concentration -increaseNAD+ concentration -increase carbon dioxide concentration -Decrease NADH concentration -decrease ATP concentration
- 6. The lens of the eye is the light refracting medium of the eye, and it has no mitochondria. Glucose is used as an energy source in the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplics energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the question: a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes; b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis, calculate the ATP yield during the process; c) specify the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in the process; d) name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in the lens; e) write the dehydrogenation reaction and the reaction of final product formation occurring in the process; 6.3. Gluconeogenesis. Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 271 ) indicate the fate of the end product of the process and the consequences of its accumulation.1. what are the molecular raw materials of cellular respiration which fuel our bodies? 2. which product of cellular respiration is the primary source of energy for cellular actions? 3. which products of cellular respiration is the primary source of energy for cellular actions?5. a) The cell creates molecules of NADH and FADH2to use in the electron transport chain as they are electron carrier molecules. The electron transfers from these moleculesdrives the movement of what molecule across the mitochondrial membrane?b) What is chemiosmosis?c) How does the cell use chemiosmosis to drive overcome the thermodynamic barrier of bringing phosphates close togehter to create ATP?d) What steps of oxidative phosphorylation are in the cytosol and which are in the mitochondria?e) Cellular respiration can be controlled at the post-translational level. What does this mean, using GLUT as an example? Why is post-translational control of GLUT evolutionarilyadaptive over transcriptional control?f) How does establishment of equillibria of various molecules control metabolic reactions? What are three ways high ATP in the cell control cellular respiration?g) Why are the enzymes controlling the initial steps of various biochemical pathways are targeted by allosteric control?
