1. Calculate how many NADH and FADH2 and GTP’s are formed for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule. 2. Calculate how many CO2 molecules are produced in the CAC for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule
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1. Calculate how many NADH and FADH2 and GTP’s are formed for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule.
2. Calculate how many CO2 molecules are produced in the CAC for 1 cycle of the CAC and for 1 glucose molecule
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- 3. Follow the two carbon atoms that enter the citric acid cycle (C₂). Are the two CO₂ molecules given off in one turn of the citric acid cycle composed of the same 2 carbon atoms that entered the cycle? NADE + H+ NAD+ H HỌ—C–COO H₂C-COO- FADE₂ 7 0-C-COO Malate HC-COO- FAD -0OC-CH Fumarate H₂C-COO- Oxaloacetate Succinate H₂C-COO H₂C-COO CH, CO–S-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A GTP COA GDP CoA H₂C-COO- HỌ–C–COO- H₂C-COO Citrate Isocitrate CO₂ Succinyl COA H₂C-COO- CO₂ a-Ketoglutarate CoA HO–C—COO- H H₂C-COO- HC-COO- H₂C-CO-S-CoA H₂C-COO- H₂C 0-C-COO- NAD+ NADE + H+ NAD+ NADH + H+2. For the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK-1), a high concentration of AMP in the cell will • downregulate the enzyme by shifting the curve to the right. downregulate the enzyme by shifting the curve to the left. . ● upregulate the enzyme by shifting the curve to the right. the enzyme by shifting the upregulate curve to the left. Rate 100- 80- 60- 40- 20- 0- 0 Left Right- 1 2 3 5 [Fructose 6-phosphate) (mm)2. Consider a hypothetical organism that produces 12 moles of NADH and 2 moles of FADH2 during the oxidation of glucose. If 4 of the 12 moles of NADH were synthesized during glycolysis, determine the expected ATP output from these coenzymes if the G-3-P shuttle system is used. 36 ATP 32 ATP 34 ATP 42 ATP
- 2. What is the total yield from one molecule of glucose to two molecules of L-malate? A. 2 ATP/GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ B. 2 ATP/GTP, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2 C. 4 ATP/GTP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 D. 4 ATP/GTP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 E. 4 ATP/GTP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH26. Fill in the blanks and select the correct option [A/B/C] in the paragraph below. Although both NADH and FADH₂ bring high-energy electrons to the ETC, ultimately they produce different amounts of [ H₂O / ATP /0₂]. NADH is [oxidized / reduced] by NADH reductase resulting in 2 H*/protons being pumped from the to the [2/4/6] FADH₂ gives its electrons to [ ubiquinone / cytochrome c] which means that only [2/4/6] H*/protons are pumped. All electrons are eventually accepted by which produces water/H₂O. Ultimately, each NADH is responsible for the production of about [2/3 /4] ATP while FADH₂ makes [2/3/4] when the potential energy of the electrochemical gradient moves [ protons/electrons ] back into the matrix using the enzyme5.Given the number of glucose molecules, identify the amount or number of ATP produced on each stage of cellular respiration and answer the question. |Glycolysis Link Reaction Kreb's CycleETCTotal 3 Glucose Molecules 5 Glucose Molecules Question: How many ATP molecules are produced in the link reaction if 3 glucose molecules are used in cellular respiration? A. 2 В. О О С. 8 D. 72 OE. 4 O O O
- 3. Distinguish the correct statements about oxidative phosphorylation. I. 1 poir Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by transferring phosphate group directly to ADP molecule. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from sunlight. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from glucose. IV. Oxidative phosphorylation is based on electrons moving through ETC and production of a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthase. A. I & II O B. I & II O C. II & IV D. III & IV pc FATD5. Write the flowchart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways in the cytoplasm of living organisms.3. Match the figure and the letter. Regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities: Enzyme: A. Active glycogen synthase. B. Inactive glycogen phosphorylase. C. Phosphoprotein phosphatase. D. Active glycogen phosphorylase. E. Inactive glycogen synthase. 3 Pi Pi Glycogen phosphorylase-OH Glycogen synthase-OH АТР ATP ADP Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen synthasee ADP
- 10. Consider the beta oxidation of stearic acid (C18:0): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid?8. Rotenone is a chemical that naturally occurs in plants. It is a broad-spectrum poison, meaning it is toxic to many types of organisms, including fish, insects, and other pests. Rotenone inhibits the transfer of electrons from one electron transport chain complex to another (complex I to ubiquinone). Molecule Acetyl-CoA ATP a. Would you expect rotenone poisoning to affect the following molecules (yes or no)? If so, would you expect them in increase or decrease? NADH Will levels change? (Yes or no) If yes, will the levels increase or decrease?1. True / False: NADH dehydrogenase is the least electronegative complex of the ETC. 2. True / False: Most of the energy lost during the conversion of one form to another is as light. 3. True / False: The addition of a phosphate group is called phosphorylation. 4. True / False: The ETC pumps protons into the mitochondrial matrix. 5. True / False: FADH₂ transfers its electrons directly to cytochrome c. 6. True / False: FADH₂ is created exclusively during the citric acid cycle. 7. True/False: Alcohol fermentation occurs most commonly in animals and plants. 8. True / False: During fermentation, NAD* is regenerated when NADH is reduced. 9. True / False: The hydrolysis of ATP releases free energy. 10. True / False: Most of the CO₂ produced by cellular respiration is formed during ETC/chemiosmosis.