Fatty acid COA esters are unable to diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus, transport through the inner membrane is cataylyzed by , a separate a two enzymes carnitine acyltransferase 1, and carnitine acyltransferase II? Why do we need two enzymes and not only one.
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4. Fatty acid COA esters are unable to diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus, transport through the inner membrane is cataylyzed by , a separate a two enzymes carnitine acyltransferase 1, and carnitine acyltransferase II? Why do we need two enzymes and not only one.
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- 8. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH6. The five steps involved in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA are listed below. For each step, list the enzyme(s) that are involved. 1. Decarboxylate pyruvate 2. Reduction of lipoic acid 3. Transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A 4. Reoxidation of lipoic acid 5. Reoxidation of FADH2 → FAD1. Prostaglandins are a class of eicosanoids, fatty acid derivatives with a variety of extremely potent actions on vertebrate tissues. They are responsible for producing fever and inflammation and its associated pain. Prostaglandins are derived from the 20- carbon fatty acid arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. This enzyme, a cyclooxygenase, uses oxygen to convert arachidonic acid to PGG2, the immediate precursor of many different prostaglandins. (a) The kinetic data given below are for the reaction catalyzed by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. Focusing here on the first two columns, determine the Vmax and Km of the enzyme. (b) Ibuprofen is an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, ibuprofen reduces inflammation and pain. Using the data in the first and third columns of the table, determine the type of inhibition that ibuprofen exerts on prostaglandin endoperoxide…
- 2. The mechanism of HMG-CoA reducatse enzyme activity involves several stages. For the catalytic reaction to proceed, another substrate known as NADPH, which acts as a reducing agent is required. The kinetics of enzyme activity with NADPH at non-limiting amounts of HMG-CoA in the absence or presence of compactin is shown below. a) Based on the description above, which of the six types of enzymes does HMG-CoA reductase belong to? b) What is the Km for the reaction with no inhibitor present? Do NOT forget the units. Answers can be expressed either as a fraction or in decimals. c) What happens the measured Km with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change d) What happens to the measured Vmax with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change e) Based on your answers above, what type of inhibitor is compactin relative to its effects on enzyme activity NADPH? with -60 -40 1/V, (nanomoles/min)-1 -20 0.2 0.18 0.16…3. Draw the structures of glucose, pyruvate, and acetyl coenzyme A; number (label) the carbons in each. Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA 4. Assuming a typical mitochondrial matrix has a volume of about 5x10-¹4mL. If the pH of the matrix is 7, report the number of hydrogen ions contained in the matrix. ANSWER 5. Glucose may be used to produce pyruvate or stored. Under what circumstances would glucose be stored?19. The activation of long chain fatty acids requires which of the following components? B. ATP and CoA E. Carnitine acyl transferase I and II C. ATP, COA and fatty acyl CoA A. ATP D. Fatty acyl carnitine 20. Which of the following statements best describes the B-oxidation of fatty acids? A. B-oxidation of fatty acids is an extra mitochondrial process. B. The enzymes present in the form of multienzyme complexes. C. One acetyl CoA is produced in each turn of the B-oxidation spiral. D. The intermediates are carried by Acyl carrier protein. E. 129 ATP are required for the formation of one mol of palmitic acid.
- 1.Why do you think glutathione occurs in a concentration as high as glucose? 2.Explain why glutathione must be transported from cytosol to mitochondria. 3.Explain why glutathione can confer therapeutic benefit when taken orally.4. If lots of acetyl-CoA is being formed in the mitochondrial matrix, a particular compound will be exported into the cytosol. a.What compound is this? b. What effect does this compound have on fatty acid synthesis? c. How does the compound produce this effect?What is the purpose of carnitine acyltransferase II? O formation of a fatty acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix after transport of a long chain acylcarnitine molecule from the cytosol O formation of an acylcarnitine molecule from an acyl-CoA molecule in the cytosol prior to transport across the mitochondrial membrane O transport of an acylcarnitine molecule from the inner membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix O emulsification of long chain fatty acids prior to uptake by intestinal epithelial cells
- 3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation1. Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria as fatty acyl-carnitine rather than fatty acyl-CoA and B-hydroxybuturate and acetoacetate (ketone bodies) are exported out of the liver into the blood rather than their -CoA esters. Why?1. Outline the first round of lipid catabolism using a C18 saturated fatty acid. Indicate cofactors and type of chemistry that takes place. a. How much NADH, FADH2 and ACCOA are you getting from complete catabolism of this fatty acid? b. How many moles of ATP are you getting from the breakdown of this fatty acid? Keep in mind that in the mitochondria 1 mole FADH2 gives about 1.5 moles of ATP while 1 mole NADH yields about 2.5 moles of ATP.