1. Name and draw diagrammatically the series of mitochondrial electron transfer catalysts, starting with the oxidation of NADH and succinate and ending with the reduction of O2.
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- 1a. Name and draw diagrammatically the series of mitochondrial electron transfer catalysts, starting with the oxidation of NADH and succinate and ending with the reduction of O2. Indicate the sites and stoichiometry (per 2e) at which protons are translocated from the matrix to the intermembrane space. c. Indicate which complexes are inhibited by: amytal, antimycin A, azide (N3), cyanide (CN), carbon monoxide (CO), and rotenone. d. Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi). b. I1A. Name and draw diagrammatically the series of mitochondrial electron transfer catalysts, starting with the oxidation of NADH and succinate and ending with the reduction of O₂. B. Indicate the sites and stoichiometry (per 2e) at which protons are translocated from the matrix to the intermembrane space. C. Indicate which complexes are inhibited by: amytal, antimycin A, azide (N3), cyanide (CN), carbon monoxide (CO), and rotenone.3. Draw the structures of glucose, pyruvate, and acetyl coenzyme A; number (label) the carbons in each. Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA 4. Assuming a typical mitochondrial matrix has a volume of about 5x10-¹4mL. If the pH of the matrix is 7, report the number of hydrogen ions contained in the matrix. ANSWER 5. Glucose may be used to produce pyruvate or stored. Under what circumstances would glucose be stored?
- What is the major route for protons moving from the inter membrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix during oxidative phosphorylation? 1. Protons carried across the membrane by a molecule of dinitrophenol 2. Protons are transported along with ADP by the ATP/ADP translocase.3. Protons enter the half channel in subunit a facing the inter membrane space and exit via the half channel facing the mitochondrial matrix. Choose 1 correct answer explain? Give typing answer with explanation and conclusionIn oxidative phosphorylation.... 1. Succinate contributes 2e- to Complex II and 2H+ to the mitochondrial proton gradient. 2. NADH in the matrix passes 2 e- to coenzyme Q via Complex I. 3. Complexes I, II, III, and IV each contribute to the matrix proton gradient. 4. O2 stabilizes the catalytically active conformation of Complex V. 5. Reversible protonation of c subunits leads to rotation of the Complex V gamma subunit. 6. Each β subunit can bind ATP tightly under the right conditions. 7. For every 3 protons that pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane, 1 ATP is produced. Choose all options that are true.a) Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecules can be formed from the breakdown of a molecule of Acetyl- CoA into carbon dioxide and water. The prerequisite is that the entire proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane can be used for ATP production and that the ATP synthase has 6 c-subunits.
- 21) Compute the moles of FADH2, NADH, GTP generated and NADPH consumed in the dissimilation of one mole each of the octadecanoic acid and A3.5-ocatadienoic acid thioesters shown below to CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix space. Enter the product yields of electron carriers and GTP and the total yield of ATP after processing mitochondrial electron-transport chain in the tables provided below COAS COAS Product Total Converslon Yield ATP Product Total Conversion Yleld ATP FADH2 1.5 FADH2 1.5 2.5 NADH 2.5 NADH NADPH -2.5 NADPH -2.5 GTP GTP Total ATP Total ATP 8.2B. Calculate the total number of ATP that will be generated from the complete B-oxidation of oncobic acid (CH:(CH,),CH=CH(CH,),COOH; 15:1 cis-A9) in an organism that has all the standard required enzymes for metabolism but which pumps only 2 H" in complex I, 0 H' in complex II, 2 H* in complex III and 4 H' in complex IV. The F,F, ATPase is composed of 3 a/ß subunits and 10 c subunits. Show all of your calculations. HO1. As has been discussed in class the electron transport chain is the first part of oxidative phosphorylation. This chain of multi-subunit enzymes is responsible for facilitating the transfer of electrons from NADH and succinate/FADH₂ to oxygen making water. Given this understanding answer the following questions. a. Below is an equation for determining the amount of energy required to move 1 mol of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In actively respiring mitochondria the A = +/-0.15 volts to +/- 0.20 volts. The ApH for a typically mitochondria will be 0.75 pH units, with the matrix (N-side) being more alkaline than the IMS (P-side). Given this state the total energy needed to move a single proton from the N to the P-side. Assume T = 310K and R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-¹ and a A4 = 0.17 volts. Finally, assume F = 96.5 kJ/mol/volt AG = 2.3RTAPH + FA b. How much free energy is available in the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen given the following half-reactions and…
- 16. Complete each of the following reactions in electron transport: CoQ++ FAD 4cyt c (Fe³+) + 4H+ + O₂ 16. Complete each of the following reactions in electron transport: CoQ+ + FAD 4cyt c (Fe³+) + 4H+ + O₂ →→→→4cyt c (Fe²+) + Show Transcribed Text → 4cyt c (Fe²+) +1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.2. Mitochondria isolated from bovine cardiac muscle, when subjected to sonication, form closed mem- brane vesicles containing the electron transport catalysts and the ATP synthase enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A diagrammatic representation of these electron transport particles retaining the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation is given below. NADH NAD+ H₂O tion? 1/202 Q₁H₂ NADH- NAD+ Complex I Complex III ADP Complex IV Complex II ATP ADP ATP In the diagram protein complexes colored gray indicate that they are inhibited while complexes colored red, green, etc. are catalytically active. (a) In Panel A indicate which side of the membrane vesicle faced the matrix and which side faced the intermembrane space prior to sonication. During coupled substrate oxidation which compart- ment will be of higher pH and which of lower pH. (b) For the system in Panel A, sonication of mitochondria was carried out in the presence of an excess of ferricytochrome c (i.e., the heme…