2. ATP is our energetic molecule of choice! We should think about its structure and how it gets used. What is a substrate level phosphorylation? a. b. Give an example of a substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis again with names, structures, and enzymes. C. Draw out the ATP structure and show me where you can break the bonds and what the product for each reaction would be for a nucleophile R¹8Ö attacking ATP.
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- 1. Imagine you are trying to explain the process of cellular respiration to your friend who is also taking LS7A. You show them the figure below. Provide an explanation for what this figure represents. Be sure to define the terms electron carriers, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and any other terms in the diagram you think your friend would not already know.2. What happens to glucose during the process of glycolysis? Try to relate your explanation to the graph shown below11. Refer to the figure below. нн Н `NH2 NH2 N' N- 2e-+H* R NAD+ NADH NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The changes that take place in this coenzyme are the same for all of these reactions and are illustrated in the figure. It is likely that, in these reactions, NAD+ functions as an electron acceptor (reducing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as a base in acid-base catalytic mechanisms. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. +Z-1. Glycolysis can be summarized as a 6-carbon structure becoming two 3-carbon structures. To really understand what is going on, follow the carbons! C. H CH₂2-OH HO H 0 ATP ADP H H Mg²+ 426 4 hexokinase OH HO OH H H OH 6 Glucose a. This figure summarizes the overall process of glycolysis with the carbon atoms labeled in corresponding colors. Draw out the structures for glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and the products from the aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase reactions and pyruvate with numbered carbons. HO CH₂-OPO 5 H b. How does the glycolysis reaction move forward with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosephate (G3P or GAP) since the isomerization reaction is reversible? How is glucose kept inside the cell, against a concentration gradient? d. In the preparatory phase, both of the reactions in step 1 and step 3 require ATP. Why is step 3 the first committed step in glycolysis? Stated another way, why is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is…
- 8. Rather than being oxidized for energy, sugars are connected by glycosidic linkages to make a capsule. Which process does this describe? A. Catabolism B. Reduction C. Anabolism D. Group translocation E. facilitated diffusion 9. What term best describes the following reaction in glycolysis? 1,3 diphosphoglycerate + ADP –→ 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP B. ATP Synthase C. Oxidative phosphorylation E. Substrate-level phosphorylation A. Fermentation D. Group translocation 10. A graph of Threonine Production vs. Time for Microbe X is pictured above. What process is probably responsible for the flat portion of the graph indicated by the arrow? B. Transamination C. Krebs Cycle A. Feedback inhibition D. Stationary Phase E. Substrate inhibitionFIGURE 6 substrate active site enzyme substrate denatured enzyme substrate cannot enter binding site 3 C enzyme products leaving active site substrate denatured enzyme 13. Figure 6 above shows what happens to an enzyme when exposed to heat. How is this similar to what happened to my crayons? 14. What term is used to describe when the shape of the enzyme has been altered? (Look at the figure in the middle!) 15. Can you predict other things that may influence the activity of enzymes in a positive or negative way?1. Choose all the correct answers. Enzyme catalyzing this reaction: COO CO0 но C-H + NAD* CH2 + NADH + H* CH2 лвенный тет CoO COO L-Malate Oxaloacetate A. Belongs to the class of transferases. B. Belongs to the class of oxidoreductases. C. Is a simple enzyme. D. Is a holoenzyme.
- 4. Enzymes: Remember enzymes have two jobs: they lower activation energy and speed up reactions. a. Amylase is an enzyme in our saliva that helps to break down starches into simple sugars like maltose (made of multiple glucose molecules) in your food. i. Identify following on the enzyme diagram above: 1 STARCH EXE Which is the enzyme? Amylase AMYLASE FUNCTION # STARCH Amylase + Which is the substrate? S MALTOSE (SUGAR) D Amylase Which is the product of the reaction? 5. Macromolecules: Complete the chart. a. What does it mean to say all living things are organic molecules? (Hint what type of element do they all have to have to be considered organic)3. Distinguish the correct statements about oxidative phosphorylation. I. 1 poir Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by transferring phosphate group directly to ADP molecule. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from sunlight. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from glucose. IV. Oxidative phosphorylation is based on electrons moving through ETC and production of a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthase. A. I & II O B. I & II O C. II & IV D. III & IV pc FATD1.provide a solution using a table, listing all the specific individual reactions that will generate ATP either by substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). 2. Shall the given question require a shuttle system, please use both and indicate the net ATP for each. 3. Get the net ATP for each question given you Specific reaction Number of ATP (+ or -) Question 1: fructose 6-phosphate to 2acetyl coa Question 2: fructose 6-phosphate to 6C02 Question 3: fructose 6-phosphate to 2succinyl coa
- 2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.3. The reaction shown below is catalyzed along the pathway of glycolysis by an enzyme with the active site architecture shown. A. The enzyme has two Mg2+ ions, a lysine general base (deprotonated) and a glutamate general acid. In the box below, draw a plausible mechanism for this reaction, which has two formal steps with one intermediate between them (hint: one step uses the general acid and the other uses the general base.) O +(87 -00 11 R-00 00 00 + H₂O OH O Mg2+ Mg2+ Lys (general base) NH₂ OH Glu (general acid) enzyme active site1.The class of enzyme that catalyzes addition of a group to a double bond is? oxidoreductases lyases ligases isomerases hydrolases transferases 2. Suppose an enzyme and its substrate obey the lock and key model of enzyme catalysis. Which of the following would be true of the enzyme? the active site of the enzyme must be rigid the active site of the enzyme must be flexible only one substrate could be converted to product by the enzyme the enzyme could bind different substrates if the substrates shared a common motif somewhere in their structures the entire enzyme must be rigid 3. Which of the following enzymes is found in blood serum and is diagnostic of prostate cancer if enzyme levels are elevated? alanine aminotransferase phosphohexose isomerase lactate dehydrogenase acid phosphatase alkaline phosphatase 4. A blood test returns elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels. You suspect that the patient has suffered a heart attack. What other serum enzyme level of…
