Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134168296
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 1AC
Most nerve cells in the adult human central nervous system, as well as heart muscle cells, do not divide. In contrast, cells lining the inside of the small intestine divide frequently. Discuss this difference in terms of why damage to the nervous system and heart muscle cells (for example, that caused by a stroke or heart attack) is so dangerous. What do you think might happen to tissues such as the intestinal lining if a disorder blocked mitotic cell division in all cells of the body?
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The phases of mitosis are shown in Figure 6.4. Mitosis is the type of nuclear division that occurs when an
animal or plant grows larger and when injury heals. Two daughter cells result because there is only one round of
division, and it keeps the chromosome number constant (same as the parent cell). The prophase cell in Figure 6.4
has the same number of chromosomes as the telophase nuclei in Figure 6.4. Explain the different appearance of
the chromosomes.
In normally dividing cells, once chromosomes have been properly segregated via the steps of mitosis, the two resulting “daughter cells” separate. In animal cells (and other cell types without a cell wall) the contractile ring plays a crucial role in the process of cytokinesis. Exactly how the contractile ring is accurately positioned, so as to be located midway between the two poles (ends) of the dividing cell, is still not fully understood, although factors released from the mitotic spindle are thought to play a role.Regardless of the precise positioning mechanism, one key player in the assembly of the contractile ring is the GTP/GDP binding protein Rho. In its active form, Rho can stimulate the activity of the actin-binding protein formin and (via effects on the myosin regulatory light chain) that of myosin II. Given their respective roles, why might activation of formin and myosin II be beneficial as cells assemble a functional contractile ring structure?
The anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol), derived from the Pacific Yew, has many effects on mitosis. One of its most powerful effects is that it prevents disassembly of the mitotic spindle, which prevents spindle fibers from shortening. Which phase of mitosis would this directly affect? Why would this stop cell division overall and lead to cell death?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Ch. 9 -
1. A cell that remains capable of dividing...Ch. 9 - The chromosomes of a cell are lined up along the...Ch. 9 -
3. The chromosomes first attach to the spindle...Ch. 9 - How does prokaryotic fission differ from...Ch. 9 -
5. Which of the following is NOT true of mitotic...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1FTBCh. 9 -
2. Prokaryotic cells divide by a process called...Ch. 9 - Growth and development of eukaryotic organisms...Ch. 9 - Eukaryotic cells are often stimulated to divide by...Ch. 9 - The four phases of mitosis are _______, _______,...
Ch. 9 - Prob. 6FTBCh. 9 - Prob. 1RQCh. 9 -
2. Define mitosis and cytokinesis. What changes...Ch. 9 - Diagram the stages of mitosis. How does mitosis...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4RQCh. 9 -
5. Describe and compare the process of...Ch. 9 - How is the cell cycle controlled? Why is it...Ch. 9 - Diagram and describe the prokaryotic cell cycle.Ch. 9 - Most nerve cells in the adult human central...Ch. 9 - Cancer cells divide out of control. Side effects...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The cell cycle is highly regulated and involves many steps to ensure that a cell is ready to divide. For this reason, cells cycle between interphase and mitosis. Which of the following describes the consequence of a severe disruption of interphase in cells in healthy tissue? Disruption of interphase will have no effect on mitosis because they are two completely independent processes. Disruption of interphase will lead to a faster and more efficient mitotic cycle, which will result in increased cell division and tissue growth. Disruption of interphase will trigger the cell to switch to a mitotic phase and repeatedly divide, which will result in the massive proliferation of the cells and heightened tissue growth. Disruption of interphase will result in the cell being unable to synthesize proteins and organelles required to divide, which will result in the cell not passing key checkpoints and ceasing to divide.arrow_forwardSome cells in organisms can divide on a daily basis while others do not divide as often. Which phase of the mitosis do you think would vary the most due to different rates of cell division and why?arrow_forwardIn mitosis, why do the chromosomes need to condense in prophase and line up in metaphase? (To be clear, this is asking about the usefulness of these specific actions, not just that those things need to happen as part of the overall process.)arrow_forward
- which stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time in? Explain why you think this is. Explain why mitosis is important to both unicellular and multicellular organisms. discuss how a carcinogen causes mutations that could cause the body to lose control over mitotic events and apoptosis (cell death). What can we do to protect ourselves from the harmful effects of carcinogens?arrow_forwardWhy do eukaryotic cells need to go through the elaborate procedure of mitosis rather than simply dividing during interphase? Select as many answers as apply. 1.Daughter cells must be genetically identical to the mother cell, for homeostasis and ordered tissue growth. 2.Bivalent chromosomes must condense and be separated in an orderly fashion, to allow equal distribution of copies into daughter cells 3.Physically dividing the nucleus during interphase would likely lead to gross chromosome breakage and highly unequal assortment of genetic information into daughter cells. 4.Dividing the nucleus during interphase would have the same outcome as mitosis 5.Daughter cells must have half the number of chromosomes after mitosis than the mother cells 6.The homologous pairs of chromosomes need to be separated, to ensure copies go to the daughter cells.arrow_forwardA hypothetical poison prevents transcription factors from binding to the gene for tubulin proteins. What impact would this have on mitosis, and why?arrow_forward
- What is the name of the cytoplasm division in the end of mitosis? What are the differences in this process between animal and plant cells?arrow_forwardReview the events associated with each stage of mitosis in addition to the preparatory stage, interphase. List these events in table. Some events and structures occur only in plant cells and some occur only in animal cells. Mark these events in your list with an asterisk. This list can serve as an excellent study guide, so be as complete as possible. Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophasearrow_forwardIn the mitosis experiment, in what stage were most of the onion root tip cells in? Based on what you know about cell cycle division, what does this imply about the life span of a cell? Were there any stages of the cell cycle that you did not observe? How can you explain this using evidence from the cell cycle?arrow_forward
- One important biological effect of a large dose of ionizing radiation (like X-rays) is to halt cell division. How does this occur? To answer this question, state the name and role of 2 specific and important proteins involved in the process. What happens if a cell has a mutation that prevents it from halting cell division after be irradiated? Be specific and detailed. An adult human who has reached maturity will die within a few days of receiving a radiation dose large enough to stop cell division. What does that tell you about cell division? In addition, name 2 different/unique cell types that would be primarily affected.arrow_forwardThe genes below have been knocked out (loss of function). Draw what the cell would look like during the appropriately affected stage of mitosis. State what stage you are depicting on your drawing. (Each gene knockout is occurring in a different cell; you should have a drawing of the affected cell for each). 1. Separase, 2. Cohesinarrow_forwardPassage of cells from G1 through R to S depends on the interaction of various signal molecules, proteins and enzymes which regulate the cell cycle. Imagine I have just induced a mutation in a cell line which prevents the breakdown of the cyclin molecule we discussed. Which of the following events do you predict will happen? circle all that apply Select one or more: a. Uncontrolled cell replication may result b. Retinoblastoma protein will be continuously active c. The cells will be stuck in G1 phase d. The cells will begin to replicate their DNA e. Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) will be continuously activearrow_forward
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