Concept explainers
Interpretation: Letter (a to e) that best completes new definition of strong base in order to be consistent with old definition of strong base should be determined.
Concept introduction: According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, substance that donates proton is termed as acid while that accepts or gains protons is called base. Species formed after loss of protons from acids are known as their respective conjugate bases whereas conjugate acid is produced by addition of protons to base. Strength of conjugate acids and conjugate bases are inversely related to strengths of their respective bases and acids.
According to Lewis concept, substance that donates electron pair is termed as base while that accepts or gains electron pair is called acid. For example,
According to Arrhenius concept, substances that donate hydrogen ions in solutions are known as acids while bases are substances that release hydroxide ions in solutions.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
- Which do you expect to be the stronger base: HCN or HNC? Explain. Hint: Draw out the complete Lewis structure for each molecule.arrow_forwardO REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Ranking resonance structures Rank the resonance structures in each row of the table from major to minor. For example, in the first row, select (major) for the major resonance contributor. If two or more structures in the same row contribute equally, rank them equally by selecting the same number. H. H H. H. H. H. H. H. (Rank) (Rank) (Rank) H. H. H. H. H. H. H. (Rank) (Rank) :o: Rank) (Rank) 74°F DELL F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 PrtScr F12 24arrow_forwardPart 2 of 2 Draw the skeletal structure of the product(s) for the Lewis acid-base reaction. Include lone pairs and formal charges (if applicable) on the structures. The Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- 13. Aniline and nitrobenzene are two substituted benzene compounds that contain nitrogen atoms. A) Use resonance structures to identify all carbon atoms that are electron rich on aniline. Mark the appropriate carbons in the figure below with a d-. NH₂ nitrobenzene aniline Note: this is benzene B) Use resonance structures to identify all carbon atoms that are electron deficient on nitrobenzene. Mark the appropriate carbons in the figure below with a dª.arrow_forward8. If a resonance structure must have a negative formal charge, that charge is most stable on an electronegative atom. Draw all relevant resonance structures of the molecule below with curved arrows only using pattern 1. Circle the most stable structure(s). Explain the choice of most stable structure with 1-3 complete sentences.arrow_forwardA. в. с. Figure 4-8 D. СН3 0: сн. H cle 2 СН3 СН3 - н CH2 ва Бе СН3 fo: H Le :CH₂ CH 3 того CH Снзarrow_forward
- 4. Rewrite each of the following reactions using curves arrows and show all nonbonding electron pairs H. H H H + HF H + F- H H b. CH3NH2 + HCI CH3NH3* + CI" а.arrow_forward4. Acetone (below) can act as an acid, lose an H+, and form an anion that exists as two resonance forms. Draw them. H3C CH3 CH;CH,0 a. Draw the Lewis structure for this guy. 5. Consider: OCH2CH3 b. Draw the three resonance structures resulting when this guy loses the most acidic hydrogen.arrow_forwardExamine the molecule below, and select the statements that apply. If it can lose H, draw its conjugate base. If it can gain H', draw its conjugate acid. Show all lone pairs and non-zero formal charges. NH OThis molecule will not lose an H O This molecule will not gain an H" O This molecule could lose an H*. Its conjugate base is: O This molecule could gain an H". Its conjugate acid is:arrow_forward
- Be sure to answer all parts. The pk of three different C-H bonds is given below. For each compound, draw the conjugate base, including all possible resonance structures for compound C. Use skeletal structures when drawing all conjugate bases. compound A H H H pK₂ = 50 Conjugate base of compound A: Conjugate base of compound B: Conjugate base of compound C: edit structure ... compound B resonance structure (negative charge on C) H H edit structure ... (one Lewis structure) edit structure ... (one resonance structure) X H pka = 43 compound C edit structure ... H H pK₂ = 19.2 resonance structure (negative charge on O) Harrow_forwardTrue or False? Circle your answer. a. The sum of all formal charges on a molecule is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion. True or False b. If the total charge on a molecule is zero, then each atom in the molecule has a formal charge of zero. True or Falsearrow_forwardExamine the molecule below, and select the statements that apply. If it can lose H', draw its conjugate base. If it can gain H', draw its conjugate acid. Show all lone pairs and non-zero formal charges. SH olo Ar This molecule will not lose an H' This molecule will not gain an H This molecule could lose an H'. Its conjugate base is: This molecule could gain an H'. Its conjugate acid is:arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning