Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The ratio of electrostatic potential energy between the given charges in the given statement should be calculated by using the concept of electrostatic energy.
Concept Introduction:
Energy is the ability to do work or transfer heat where work is the movement of a body using some force. The SI unit of energy is joule (
Electrostatic energy is potential energy which results from the interaction of charged particles. Oppositely charged particles attract each other and particles of like charges repel each other. The magnitude of the resulting electrostatic potential energy is proportional to the product of the two charges (
If the charges
To calculate: Determine the ratio of
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Chemistry: Atoms First
- At large interatomic separations, an alkali halide moleculeMX has a lower energy as two neutral atoms, M + X; atshort separations, the ionic form (M+)(X-) has a lowerenergy. At a certain distance, Rc, the energies of the twoforms become equal, and it is near this distance that theelectron will jump from the metal to the halogen atom during a collision. Because the forces between neutral atomsare weak at large distances, a reasonably good approximation can be made by ignoring any variation in potentialV(R) for the neutral atoms between Rc and R - `. For theions in this distance range, V(R) is dominated by theirCoulomb attraction.(a) Express Rc for the first ionization energy of the metalM and the electron affinity of the halogen X.(b) Calculate Rc for LiF, KBr, and NaCl using data fromAppendix F.arrow_forwardTwo particles with charges ?1q1 and ?2q2 are separated by distance ?.d. Arrange these scenarios according to the magnitude of the electrostatic (coulombic) potential energy. Ignore sign.arrow_forwardIn a lithium-ionbattery that is discharging to power a device, for every Li+that inserts into the lithium cobalt oxide electrode, a Co4+ion must be reduced to a Co3+ ion to balance charge. Usingthe CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or other standardreference, find the ionic radii of Li+, Co3+, and Co4+. Orderthese ions from smallest to largest.arrow_forward
- The change in energy for which of the following processes corresponds to the firstionization energy of bromine?Br2(g)→ 2Br(g) Br(g) + e-→ Br-(g) Br+(g) + Br-(g) → Br2(l)Br(g) → Br+(g) + e- Br-(g) → Br(g) + e-arrow_forwardCoulomb's Law yields an expression for the energy of interaction for a pair of point charges. V = 2.31x10^-19 Q1Q2 r V is the energy (in J) required to bring the two charges from infinite distance separation to distance r (in nm).Q1 and Q2 are the charges in terms of electrons.(i.e. the constant in the above expression is 2.31×10-19 J nm electrons-2) For a group of "point" charges (e.g. ions) the total energy of interaction is the sum of the interaction energies for the individual pairs.Calculate the energy of interaction for the square arrangement of ions shown in the diagram belowarrow_forwardConsider these ground-state ionization energies of one-electron species:H=1.31X10³kJ/mol ,He⁺=5.24X10³kJ/mol Li²⁺=1.41X10⁴kJ/mol (a) Write a general expression for the ionization energy of anyone-electron species. (b) Use your expression to calculate theionization energy of B⁴⁺. (c) What is the minimum wavelengthrequired to remove the electron from the n=3 level of He⁺?(d) What is the minimum wavelength required to remove the electron from the n=2 level of Be³⁺?arrow_forward
- The ionization energy of lithium is 520.2 kJ/mole, and the electron affinity of hydrogen is 72.8 kJ/mole.(a) Find the separation distance in LiH at which the Coulomb potential energy equals the energy cost of removing an electron from Li and adding it to H.(b) The measured electric dipole moment of the molecule LiH is 2.00 × 10^−29 C · m. What is the fractional ionic character of LiH?(c) Instead of removing an electron from Li and attaching it to H, we could regard the formation of LiH as occurring by removing an electron from H and attaching it to Li (electron affinity = 59.6 kJ/mole). Why don’t we consider this as the formation process?arrow_forwardThe N2+ ions that are formed when electrons with ionization energies of 15.6 eV and 16.7 eV are ejected have longer bond lengths than the ion when an electron with an ionization energy of 18.6 eV is created. Why?arrow_forwardWrite the noble gas core ground-state electron configuration for the 3+ ion of Yb. What other ion is Yb likely to form?arrow_forward
- Using the following data, draw the Born Haber cycle for the formation of hypothetical compound of MX(s) from its elements. Using the Born Haber cycle, calculate the electron affinity of X. M (s) → M (g) ∆Hº = 77 kJ mol-1M (g) → M+ (g) + e- ∆Hº = 433 kJ mol-1X2 (g) → 2X (g) ∆Hº = 129 kJ mol-1M (s) + ½ X2(g) → MX(s) ∆Hº = -530 kJ mol-1M+ (g) + X-(g) → MX (s) ∆Hº = -760 kJ mol-1arrow_forwardGiven: Enthalpy of atomisation of calcium =+ 178 kJ First ionisation energy of calcium =+590 kJ Second ionisation energy of calcium = +1145 kJ Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine =+ 121 kJ Electron affinity of chlorine Lattice energy of calcium chloride =- 2258 kJ = - 346 kJ Construct a Born-Haber cycle for calcium chloride, CaCl2 by using the data given above. Hence, calculate the enthalpy of formation of calcium chloride. b. The enthalpy of solution for calcium chloride crystal is -81.3 kJ mol'. Based on the data from the above Born-Haber cycle, calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction below: Ca" (g) + 2CI (g)–→ Ca* (aq) + 2CI¯ (aq)arrow_forward5.) Electron Configurations for Ions: Supply the ground state electron configurations for the following ions. You many use the short-hand notation (e.g. Na*: [He]2s 2p°). (a) N (b) Mg*. (c) O (d) Sc* (e) Sn2+ (f) Ar 6.) Formulas of Ions: Predict the formulas of the most stable ions of the following elements (a) Na (b) Mg (c) S (d) Al (e) Br (f) Parrow_forward
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