Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134261928
Author: Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 3, Problem 2AQ
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The following observation in light of the redox tower: Escherichia coli cells fermenting glucose grow faster when nitrate (NO3-) is supplied to the culture and then grow even faster when the culture is aerated.
Concept introduction:
An oxidation is a process in which electrons are removed from a substance and in the reduction process; electrons are added to the substance. The combination of these processes is termed as redox (
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Menaquinones is produced by Flavobacterium meningosepticum via submerged fermentation with 60% working volume in 30-L fermentation. To obtain the crude menaquinones, the fermentation medium is centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The vacuum-freeze dried particles are crushed and collected. After that the samples are treated with methanol for 20 minutes. To remove polar lipid compounds from bacterial cells, HZ816 macroporous adsorption resin column is used with methanol-dichloromethane (l:1) as mobile phase and flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. Rotary evaporation at 500 C is carried out to concentrate the eluent. After that, the concentrated sample is purified with Bio-BeadsTM S-X3 to remove components without UV absorption. To obtain the homolog purified menaquinones, RP-C18 column is used. Recrystallization is carried out to obtain pure crystalized menaquinones.
Answer the following:
Indicate how to obtain the sample in the methanol solvent.
Three different chromatography are used in…
Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were
implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on
minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal
medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate,
indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth
responses shown in the following table were obtained.
Mutant
Minimal
medium
Anthranilic Indole glycerol
acid
Indole Tryptoph
phosphate
trp-1
trp-2
trp-3
trp-4
trp-6
trp-7
trp-8
trp-9
trp-10
trp-11 -
Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and
tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of
tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the
mutations.
+ 1 + 1 II
Two flasks of E. coli are grown in batch culture in the same medium (2% glucose and amino acids; no nitrate) and at the same temperature (378C). Culture #1 is well aerated. Culture #2 is anoxic. After 16 hours the following observations are made:
■ Culture #1 has a high cell density; the cells appear to be in stationary phase, and the glucose level in the medium is reduced to 1.2%.
■ Culture #2 has a low cell density; the cells appear to be in logarithmic phase, although their doubling time is prolonged (over 1 hour). The glucose level is reduced to 0.2%. Why does culture #2 have so little glucose remaining relative to culture #1, even though culture #2 displayed slower growth and has less biomass?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
Ch. 3.1 - Which four chemical elements make up the bulk of a...Ch. 3.1 - Which two classes of macromolecules contain most...Ch. 3.1 - Differentiate between trace metals and growth...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.2 - Compare and contrast simple transporters, the...Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.2 - Cells of Escherichia coli transport lactose via...Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.3 - Prob. 1CR
Ch. 3.4 - What is free energy?Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.4 - Using Table 3.2, calculate G0 for the reaction...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.5 - Prob. 3MQCh. 3.5 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3MQCh. 3.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.7 - How much free energy is released when ATP is...Ch. 3.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 3.7 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.8 - Which reactions in glycolysis are redox steps?Ch. 3.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 3.8 - How is ATP made in fermentation and in...Ch. 3.9 - How many molecules of CO2, NADH, and FADH2 are...Ch. 3.9 - What two major roles do the citric acid cycle and...Ch. 3.9 - Why is the glyoxylate cycle necessary for growth...Ch. 3.9 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.10 - Which electron carriers described in this section...Ch. 3.10 - List some of the key electron carriers found in...Ch. 3.11 - How do electron transport reactions generate the...Ch. 3.11 - How much energy is released per NADH oxidized...Ch. 3.11 - What structure in the cell links the proton motive...Ch. 3.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 3.12 - What is the major difference between aerobic...Ch. 3.13 - What form of activated glucose is used in the...Ch. 3.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.13 - What functions does the pentose phosphate pathway...Ch. 3.13 - What is the importance of the enzyme...Ch. 3.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.14 - List the steps required for the cell to...Ch. 3.14 - Which nitrogen bases are purines and which are...Ch. 3.14 - Prob. 1CRCh. 3.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 3.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 3.15 - Describe the process by which a fatty acid such as...Ch. 3 - Using the data of Figure 3.10, predict the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2AQ
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Yeast cells are added to a 3.0 L batch bioreactor so that the initial cell concentration is [X]. = 1.3 g cells / L. The growth mediğim in the reactor, which is well-mixed so the cells have access to all nutrients, contains 150 g CELL DATA ribose (C5H10O5, MW 150), 75 g ammonia (NH3, MW 17), and 85 g oxygen (O2, MW 32). A-10. Determine the maximum concentration of cells, [X], that will form in the bioreactor when the limiting nutrient is consumed. Search Yx/ribose YX/02 YX/NH3 Specific growth rate on limiting nutrient, u Lag phase duration Deceleration phase duration 0.48 g/g 0.87 g/g 0.23 g/g 0.51 h 30 minutes Negligiblearrow_forwardDetermine the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum exposure time given the following data: Number of colonies of E. coli on Nutrient Agar plates Exposure time (in minutes) Concentration of ethanol 10 15 Distilled water +++ +++ +++ 40% +++ ++ 70% 95% Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): Minimum exposure time (MET):arrow_forwardDifferentiate the growth curve exhibited by the same inoculum under the following conditions. Draw and label the parts of your growth curve. A). If it is exponentially growing and inoculated in the same nutritious medium under the same optimum conditions. B). If it is taken from an old culture and inoculated into the same nutritious medium and incubated under the same optimum conditions in (A). C). If it is taken from an old culture and inoculated to a different and less nutritious medium and incubated under the same optimum conditions as (A).arrow_forward
- A genetically modified bacterium was cultivated to produce 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), and the following yields were obtained: YX/S = 0.106 gX/gS and YP/S = 0.28 gP/gS. Knowing that the culture medium was formulated with glucose, ammonia and some mineral salts, and the cultivation was carried out under aerobic conditions, answer:a) What is the oxygen demand in this process?b) What is the maximum theoretical yield of 1,3-PDO in this process?c) Projecting the scale-up, what cell concentration must be reached to obtain 10 kg of 1,3-PDO in a batch reactor with 1 m3 of culture?arrow_forwardSydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic acid Indole glycerol phosphate Indole Tryptophan trp-1 − − − − + trp-2 − − + + + trp-3 − − − + + trp-4 − − + + + trp-6 − − − − + trp-7 − − − − + trp-8 − + − − + trp-9 − − − − + trp-10 − − − − + trp-11 − − − − + Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations.arrow_forwardThe data below were obtained for the growth of a pure culture of Escherichia coli in nutrient broth at a temperature of 37°C. Determine (1) the specific growth rate and (2) generation time of E. coli and the duration of the (3) lag and (4) log (or exponential) phases. (ln 2 = 0.693) Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4 8 16 32 Bacterial No./mL 104.1 103.9 104.4 105.5 106.5 107.7 108.0 107.6arrow_forward
- In growing E.coli, why is that (reasons) they do not grow after doubling time under 20 degrees celsius and under 37 degrees celsius, the number of colonies after doubling time has decreased? provide reliable sources (links).arrow_forwardIf the result of an unknown bacteria is “poor growth” and “red growth,” can this result be interpreted as “organism does not ferment mannitol?” Explain why or why not. If the result of an unknown bacteria is “good growth” and “yellow growth,” is the unknown bacteria more likely Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis?arrow_forwardAn amino acid of interest was produced in a fed-batch culture using glucose in the feed medium. The initial volume of the quasi-steady-state culture was V0= 500 L, and the nutrient solution containing glucose was added at a constant flow rate of F = 50 L/h.Data: X0 (at the beginning of feeding) = 20 g/L, S0 = 300 g/L, max = 0.2 h-1, KS = 0.5 g/L and Y x/s= 0.3 g/g a) Determine the volume of the culture at t = 10hb) Determine the concentration of glucose at t = 10 hc) determine the concentration and total mass of cells at t = 10 hd) If product is associated with growth with α = 1.5 and P0 = 0.1 g/L, determine the concentration of product at t = 10h.arrow_forward
- You are cultivating Escherichia coli in a chemostat culture. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax) of E. coli that you can reach is known as 1.0 h-1 at your culture conditions. Describe what you would observe for each condition if you have the following settings: F (flow rate of the fresh medium into the bioreactor vessel) (L/h) V (Volume of the liquid culture in the bioreactor vessel) (L) a) 1 1 b) 5 4 c) 1 2arrow_forwardAzotobacter vinelandii is being studied for the production of alginate from sucrose. In a continuous culture at 28°C with ammonia as a nitrogen source, the alginate yield obtained was 4 g/g of oxygen consumed. It is desired to produce alginate at a rate of 5 kg/h. As the viscosity of alginate in water is considerable, the energy related to stirring the broth cannot be neglected, and the fermenter is equipped with a Rushton-type turbine. For satisfactory agitation and aeration speed, the estimated energy requirement is 1.5 kW. Calculate the cooling requirement.arrow_forwardexplain why there is little to no growth of these organisms in the minimal salt media with glucose compared to the complex media. (HINT: these organisms are chemoheterotrophs and need an organic source of broth carbon and energy)...arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you