(a)
Interpretation:
The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen
Concept Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two-enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(b)
Interpretation:
The effects of increasing the concentration of blood glucose on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(c)
To Explain:
The effects of increasing the concentration of blood insulin on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(d)
To Explain:
The effects of increasing the amount of blood glucagon on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(e)
Interpretation:
The effects of decreasing levels of tissue ATP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(f)
Interpretation:
The effects of increasing the concentration of tissue AMP on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
(g)
Interpretation:
The effects of decreasing the concentration of fructose-6-phosphate on the rates of gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism should be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Most of the reactions in Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis reactions are taken place in the cytosol. Therefore, unless there is a metabolic regulation, glycolytic degradation of glucose and gluconeogenic synthesis of glucose will occur simultaneously without a benefit to the cell with huge consumption of ATP. This scenario is controlled by a reciprocal control system which inhibits glycolysis when gluconeogenesis is active and vice versa.
Glucose produced by glycogen metabolism is also an energy source for muscle contraction. Regulation of glycogen metabolism is also a reciprocal control of the two enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Regulation is achieved via both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Biochemistry
- Explain why insulin is required for adipocytes to synthesize triacylglycerols from fatty acids.arrow_forwardIndicate what will happen ( increase, decrease or no effect) tothe activity of the enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway in the given conditions a. release of glucagon in the blood to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase 1 b. high malonyl CoA to the activity of carnitine acyl transferase I C. Epinephrine to the activity og glycogen synthase d. high citrate to the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase e. high acetyl CoA to ketogenesisarrow_forwardOne of the earliest responses to cellular injury is a rapid increase in the levels of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. About ten days after an injury, levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in heart tissue are 20 to 30 times higher than normal. However the levels of glycolytic enzymes are only 10% to 20% of normal. Explain this phenomenon.arrow_forward
- If glucagon binds to the liver cell, what is the expected regulation of the bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and how would the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate be impacted?arrow_forwardExplain why adipocytes need glucose as well as fatty acids in order to synthesize triacylglycerols.arrow_forwardGlycogen synthesis and breakdown are regulated primarily at the hormonal level. However, important nonhormonal mechanisms also control the rates of synthesis and mobilization. Describe these non- hormonal regulatory processes.arrow_forward
- Mutations in glucokinase which lower the kcat for the enzyme or elevate the Km for glucose result in mild to moderate elevation of blood glucose. Explain how these mutations cause diabetes-like symptoms in patients.arrow_forwardExplain, the roles of Insulin and glucagon hormones in maintaining blood glucose level. Glycolysis is a pathway which breaks down glucose into two three-carbon compounds. However, Gluconeogenesis is defined as the de novo synthesis of glucose. Can it be said that these two pathways include same reactions but only having inverse direction? Explain by the reasons.arrow_forwardCompare the localization of GLUT4 with that of GLUT2 and GLUT3, and explain why these localizations are important in the response of muscle,adipose tissue, brain, and liver to insulinarrow_forward
- 1. Draw a detailed labelled diagram and discuss the hormonal (epinephrine orglucagon) regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Provide your own diagrammatic representation for the entry of any TWOcarbohydrates: mannose or lactose or sucrose or glycerol into the glycolyticpathwayarrow_forwardConsider regulation of glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis in the liver. Which of the following are more likely to promote the activity of gluconeogenesis rather than glycolysis? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices An increase in the ATP/AMP ratio A decrease/lack of F-2,6-BP The cell is in a low energy state Insulin signaling Glucagon signaling An abundance of citric acid cycle intermediates (i.e. citrate) Intense exercise Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase Fastingarrow_forward1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning