Modern Physics
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781111794378
Author: Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 14, Problem 33P
(a)
To determine
The required temperature.
(b)
To determine
The Q values for each step and total energy released.
(c)
To determine
Whether energy carried by the neutrinos is deposited in the star or not.
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For the following reaction, what is the energy released, in GJ/mol? (1 GJ = 1E9 J)
Use 2.998E8 m/s as the speed of light
1 a m u has a mass of 1.6605E-27 kg
A + 1n → C + D
A
n
C
D
mass (amu)
6.1450
1.0087
3.0221
4.0834
Express your answer as a positive value
For the following reaction, what is the energy released, in GJ/mol? (1 GJ = 1E9 J)
Use 2.998E8 m/s as the speed of light
1 a m u has a mass of 1.6605E-27 kg
A + B → C + D
A
B
C
D
mass (amu)
3.1706
6.3211
4.1531
5.1703
Another set of reactions that result in the fusing ofhydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter starsis called the carbon cycle. It is12C + 1H → 13N + γ,13N → 13C + e+ + ve,13C + 1H → 14N + γ,14N + 1H → 15O + γ,15O → 15N + e+ + ve,15N + 1H → 12C + 4He.Write down the overall effect of the carbon cycle (as wasdone for the proton-proton cycle in2e− + 41H → 4 He + 2ve + 6γ ). Note the number of protons ( 1H ) required and assume that the positrons ( e+ ) annihilate electrons to form more γ rays.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Modern Physics
Ch. 14 - Prob. 1QCh. 14 - Prob. 2QCh. 14 - Prob. 3QCh. 14 - Prob. 4QCh. 14 - Prob. 5QCh. 14 - Prob. 7QCh. 14 - Prob. 8QCh. 14 - Prob. 9QCh. 14 - Prob. 10QCh. 14 - Prob. 11Q
Ch. 14 - Prob. 12QCh. 14 - Prob. 14QCh. 14 - Prob. 15QCh. 14 - Prob. 1PCh. 14 - Prob. 2PCh. 14 - Prob. 3PCh. 14 - Prob. 4PCh. 14 - Prob. 5PCh. 14 - Prob. 6PCh. 14 - Prob. 7PCh. 14 - Prob. 8PCh. 14 - Prob. 9PCh. 14 - Prob. 10PCh. 14 - Prob. 11PCh. 14 - Prob. 12PCh. 14 - The atomic weight of cadmium is 112.41, and its...Ch. 14 - Prob. 15PCh. 14 - Prob. 16PCh. 14 - Prob. 17PCh. 14 - Prob. 19PCh. 14 - Prob. 20PCh. 14 - Prob. 21PCh. 14 - Prob. 22PCh. 14 - Prob. 23PCh. 14 - Prob. 24PCh. 14 - Prob. 25PCh. 14 - Prob. 27PCh. 14 - Prob. 28PCh. 14 - Prob. 29PCh. 14 - Prob. 30PCh. 14 - Prob. 31PCh. 14 - Prob. 32PCh. 14 - Prob. 33PCh. 14 - Prob. 34PCh. 14 - Prob. 35PCh. 14 - Prob. 36PCh. 14 - Prob. 37PCh. 14 - Prob. 38PCh. 14 - Prob. 39PCh. 14 - Prob. 40PCh. 14 - Prob. 41PCh. 14 - Prob. 42PCh. 14 - Prob. 43PCh. 14 - Prob. 45PCh. 14 - Prob. 46PCh. 14 - Prob. 47PCh. 14 - Prob. 48PCh. 14 - Prob. 49PCh. 14 - Prob. 50PCh. 14 - Prob. 51PCh. 14 - Prob. 52PCh. 14 - Prob. 53PCh. 14 - Prob. 54PCh. 14 - Prob. 55PCh. 14 - Prob. 56PCh. 14 - Prob. 57PCh. 14 - Prob. 58PCh. 14 - Prob. 59PCh. 14 - Prob. 60P
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- (a) Write the decay equation for the decay of 235U. (b) What energy is released in this decay? The mass of the daughter nuclide is 231.036298 u. (c) Assuming the residual nucleus is formed in its ground state, how much energy goes to the particle?arrow_forwardScientists can determine the age of ancient objects by the method of radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates ¹4C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of 14C begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. A parchment fragment was discovered that had about 75% as much 14C radioactivity as does plant material on earth today. Estimate the age of the parchment. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.) yr Need Help? Watch It Additional Materials THERarrow_forwardName Date Class 3-4 Apply The Carbon-Nitrogen Cycle Hydrogen nuclei are involved in a process known as the carbon-nitrogen cycle. The six reactions in this decay series are presented below. The net result of the carbon-nitrogen cycle is that four hydrogen atoms are combined to produce one helium atom. Reactions 2 and 5 involve decay particles called positrons ( e ). Positrons are essentially positively charged beta particles. Reaction 1: H + "C → Reaction 2: + Reaction 3: H + → "N + y Reaction 4: H + - "0+ y Reaction 5: +e Reaction 6: H + "N - + He+y Use your knowledge of radioactive decay to fill in the missing parts of each nuclear equation above. Which type of radioactive particle was emitted by the following isotopes? a. N b. N In the cycle, what happens to the nitrogen-13 nuclei produced in the first reaction? What happens to the atom produced in the sixth reaction?arrow_forward
- → 208 T1+2He? (The atomic mass of 2. What is the energy released in this alpha decay reaction 23² Bi → 211.9912857 u and that of 208 Tl is 207.9820187 u) MeV 212 Bi is nuclear reaction 12C+21 Ne 11 B + 22 Na? (The atomic mass of →arrow_forwardOn absorption of a single neutron, plutonium Pu-239 can undergo fission into xenon Xe-134 plus zirconium Zr-103 plus three neutrons. The masses of these nuclei are, mpu-239 = 239.052 amu, mxe-134 = 133.905 amu, and mzr-103 = 102.927 amu. Calculate the energy given off in this nuclear reaction. Back Alt+Left arrowarrow_forwardThe uranium decay series from U-238 to stable lead (Pb-206) is: 238 U → 234Th → *Pa → 92 U → 0 Th → Ra → Rn → Th → Pb → Bi → Po → 92 88 86 210Pb → 210 Bi → °Po → 2 Pb 82 83 84 Of the 15 nuclei from U-238 to Pb-206, list those radionuclides that are alpha-particle emitters, and those that are beta-particle emitters. State your reasons.arrow_forward
- Part A The proton-proton chain described in Section 43.8, known as the p-p I chain, accounts for 83,3% of the helium synthesis in the sun. This process uses six protons to produce one alpha particle, two protons, two neutrinos, and a least six gamma-ray photons. We can determine the energies of each of the products as follows. The first reaction, 2H →? H+ B+ +ve, is followed immediately by the annihilation of the positron by an electron into two photons, each with energy equal to the rest energy of an electron. What is the remaining energy Ej carried by the deuteron and the neutrino? Express your answer in megaelectron volts. V ΑΣφ E1 = MeV Figure 43.16 1 Two protons combine to form a deuteron (H) ... 3 A third proton combines with the deuteron, forming a helium nucleus (He) and emitting a gamma-ray photon. 4 Two He nuclei fusc, forming a 4He nucleus and releasing two protons. "He 3He ... as well as a positron (B*) and an electron neutrino (v). The proton-proton chain. The net effect…arrow_forwardThe isotope iron-56 has a nuclear mass of 55.9349375 u. Calculate the binding energy of iron-56 using the following information: Mass of Proton: 1.007825 u, Mass of Neutron: 1.008665 u, 1 u = 931.5 MeV a 3.274 eV b 6.153 eV c 8.790 eV d 9.624 eVarrow_forwardAn Erbium-166 nucleus contains 68 protons. The atomic mass of a neutral Erbium-166 atom is 165.930u, where u = 931.5 MeV/c². In this question you may use that the mass of a proton is 938.27 MeV/c², the mass of a neutron is 939.57 MeV/e² and the mass of an electron is 0.511 MeV/c². i. Calculate the nuclear binding energy per nucleon, giving your answer in units of MeV. ii. Electrons with an energy of 0.5 GeV are scattered off the nucleus. Estimate the scattering angle of the first minimum in the resulting diffraction pattern. iii. Briefly comment on whether or not you expect this nucleus to be spherical, and what consequence this has for excited states of the nucleus in the collective model.arrow_forward
- The uranium decay series from U-238 to stable lead (Pb-206) is: U → Th → *Pa → U → 0Th → Ra → Rn → 18Th → Pb → Bi 238U 234TH 226 → Po 92 92 210Pb → 210 Bi → 210P0 → 206Pb 83 84 Of the 15 nuclei from U-238 to Pb-206, list those radionuclides that are alpha-particle emitters, and those that are beta-particle emitters. State your reasons.arrow_forwardc) The equation below describes the disintegration of a polonium nucleus into a lead nucleus and an alpha-particle. During the reaction energy Q is released. 210Po → He +²02Pb+Q 84 82 Calculate the loss of energy during the reaction. The masses in the atomic mass unit u are as follows: 210 206 Po= 209.98287 u, Pb = 205.97446 u and He = 4.002604 u. 84 82 You may assume that 1u is equivalent to 931 MeV. d) The lead nucleus recoils in the opposite direction to the emitted alpha particle conserving momentum. Hence calculate: i) The ratio of the recoil nucleus and alpha particle velocities ii) The kinetic energy distribution of these products.arrow_forwardThe uranium isotope 235U can fission—break into two smaller-masscomponents and free neutrons—if it is struck by a free neutron. A typical reaction is 1/0n + 235/92U → 141/56Ba + 92/36Kr + 3/1/0nAs you can see, the subscripts (the number of protons) and the superscripts (the number of nucleons) “balance” before and after the fission event; there is no change in the number of protons or neutrons. Significant energy is released in this reaction. If a fission event happens in a large chunk of 235U, the neutrons released may induce the fission of other 235U atoms, resulting in a chain reaction. This is how a nuclear reactor works. The number of neutrons required to create a stable nucleus increases with atomic number. When the heavy 235U nucleus fissions, the lighter reaction products are thus neutron rich and are likely unstable. Many of the short-lived radioactive nuclei used in medicine are produced in fission reactions in nuclear reactors. 235U is radioactive,…arrow_forward
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