Which of the following is most likely the result of drift? OA beneficial allele increasing in frequency in a population O Loss of alleles in a large population O A new, beneficial allele appears in the population O Decreased fitness in a small population
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- ocesses/Se are the same se two trees are NOT the same At some point in the past, foxes arrived in the Arctic (far northern latitudes) and we able to establish a population. Now, there is a white population of foxes that lives there. Which of the following was the primary change that occurred gradually over time in the Arctic fox population, eventually resulting in foxes with white fur? O The fur color of each individual fox within the population gradually changed. O The frequencies of foxes with different fur colors within the population changed. O Mutations occurred to meet the need of the fox population in the new environment. O Foxes that survived longest gained white fur in their old age, which they passed on to their offspring, tion 15@ 2 W S Rehpogs are mythical creatures. They are small and not very smart. Rehpogs live on the ground in a flat, warm habitat. Their fur texture and color ranges from thick purple fur to thin pink fur, depending on allele distribution. The dominant fur allele (R) codes for thick purple fur. The recessive allele (r) codes for thin pink fur. REMEMBER: a phenotype (fur color) is the physical expression of a genotype (two- letter code for the alleles present in that individual). Each individual has two alleles for fur color: X RR genotype is homozygous dominant = Thick purple fur phenotype Rr genotype is heterozygous = Thick purple fur (because of the presence of one dominant allele) rr genotype is homozygous recessive = Thin pink fur (because of the absence of a dominant allele) For the purposes of this experiment, Rehpogs mate once per year and produce two offspring each year. Rehpogs are monogamous, faithful and fertile. # 3 e d C C $ 4 r f V % 5 t g Oll 6 b y h & 7 O 8 n JL u i j O L m…4 of 6 80% 18. A breeding pair of rabbits escaped from their cage behind a farmer's barn. The farmer observed the rabbits and kept data on their population size for ten years. During this time, the rabbits reproduced and their offspring reproduced many times. The fenced, undisturbed two acres where the rabbits live support populatlons of predators, such as hawks and snakes, as well as a llmlted supply of grass and water. At the end of the ten years, the farmer graphed the data he collected. Which of the following graphs would its population growth look like? Don't pick E, you're welcome. A) Time Time Time Time Time Use the survivorship curve graph to answer questions 19-20. (Extra Credit!) Population size 2s uonejndo azis ucgende
- The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?Amount of NH3 nces ne In a population of pansies, the red allele (CR) is incompletely dominant to the white allele (Cw). If the frequency of the red allele is 80%, what is the frequency of pink flowers in the population?* ds 1 and 2 20% Highschool MP3, 0.20 0.80 0.32 Fri O 0.16 When Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands, he observed the marine OOOO Question 3. Is the population in H-W equilibrium? Observed genotype numbers A₁A1 =40 O Question 4: Is the population in H-W equilibrium? Observed number of each genotype ■ ● A1A2 =20 A2A2 = 40 ● A₁A1=36 A1A2=28 A₂A2=36 Note that raw numbers are given. The question is whether observed frequencies = expected frequencies. You must first compute the genotype frequencies.
- Under idealized Hardy-Weinberg conditions, which of the following is FALSE? [1] O mutation rates will increase with each generation O no new alleles would be added to the population's gene pool O there will be no change in alelle frequencies in a population over time O the population is so large that random affects don't change allele frequencies all of these are trueThree basic predictions underlie genetic drift in populations: (1) As long as the population size is finite,some level of genetic drift will occur; thus, withoutnew mutations, all variation will drift either to fixationor to loss. (2) Drift happens faster in small populationsthan in large populations. (3) The probability that anallele is fixed (goes to a frequency of 1.0) is equal toits initial frequency (p) in the population, while itsprobability of loss from the population due to drift isequal to 1 − p. Given these three predictions:a. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 100,000?b. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 10?c. In which population does the new mutation have ahigher probability of going to fixation by chancewith genetic drift?4) 22% Tue 5:10 PM 202 lab 1 (1)(1).pdf (page 2 of 10) Edited Q Search 目|三▼ 可、 v Av 5. A population of mice may be brown (dominant phenotype) or white (recessive phenotype). Brown mice have the genotype BB or Bb. White mice have the genotype bb. The frequency of the BB genotype is .30. a. What is the frequeney of heterozygous mice? b. What is the frequency of the B allele? c. What is the frequency of the b allele? с. 6. Brown hair (B) is dominant to blond hair (b). If there are 150 brown haired people in
- How many animals have dominant allele? The aggressive behavior in cats is controlled by a completely dominant gene in locus A. There are 46 docile cats in subdivision with a population of 158.Small population size causes genetic drift because ofchance sampling of different alleles from one generation to the next. We can predict how much geneticdrift occurs for a given population size using binomialsampling statistics. With a population of size N, wecan estimate that 95% of the time the allele frequency(p) in the next generation will be withinthe confidence interval of p ± 1.96 (√p(1 − p)2N ),where p(1 − p)2Nis an estimate of the statistical variancein allele frequencies from one generation to the nextwith random sampling of 2N alleles each generation. a. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 100,000?b. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 10?c. How are the results in parts (a) and (b) related tothe consequences of a population bottleneck?Ecalogical seleation Sexual selection What is ecological selection? How is it different from sexual selention torsurviva - Selection by the opposite sex - pormpetitive ad vantage Competition within males females predator avoidanoe selection? What kinds of traits result from ecological selection? Erirae Constraints on adaptive pertecton (optmali Why doesn't natural selection produce optimally adapted organisms? Oren ldaa NOT cop Adigsdon re om civep eb he numet n ognawihrntruclure and e . r e e Tw u n Ecological selection oeed .ha o hore cs Scanned vwith CamScanner