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- A bacterial lactose transporter, which is highly specific for lactose, contains a Cys residue that is essential to its transport activity. Covalent reaction of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) with this Cys residue irreversibly inactivates the transporter. A high concentration of lactose in the medium prevents inactivation by NEM, presumably by sterically protecting the Cys residue, which is in or near the lactose-binding site. You know nothing else about the transporter protein. Suggest an experiment that might allow you to determine the Mr of this Cys-containing transporter polypeptide.Compare and differentiate the three transport systems in bacteria (simple transport, phosphotransferase, & ABC transporters) in terms of chemical alteration of the solute during transport.Human serum transferrin is an iron transport protein. With the use of appropriate diagrams, describe the metal-bound active site and discuss the structural changes that occur on iron binding to the protein.
- Describe the mechanism by which a transporter of a mediatedtransport system moves a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.You’ve made a 25 mM stock of colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor; dissolved in distilled water), which you’d like to use to study the effect of tubulin on phagocytosis in T.pyriformis. Based on published research articles that you’ve read, you’d like to preincubate T. pyriformis with colchicine at a final, effective concentration of 75 µM. Assuming you need 40 µL of the cell+colchicine mixture for your experiment, please explain how you can use your 25 mM solution of colchicine, T. pyriformis cells, and distilled water to create your cell+colchicine mixture.Two strains of Steptococcus mutans, A and B, use sucrose (table sugar) as a carbon source. The first step in the process of sucrose utilization is the passage of sucrose through a sucrose transporter protein in the membrane. The characteristics of the two transport proteins are as follows: Strain B Km 1000 mM 10 mM Vmax 1000 mmol min 100 mmol min a) Assuming that the rate of sucrose uptake is the rate limiting step in growth, which strain will grow faster if the concentration of sucrose is: 10 mM? 100 mM? 1000 mM? b) One strain was isolated from the soil and the other from the floor at Toscanini's Ice Cream, which was likely to be which? Why?
- Describe facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active transport, and group translocation in terms of their distinctive characteristics and mechanisms. What advantage does a bacterium gain by using active transport rather than facilitated diffusion?Influenza viruses are surrounded by a membrane that contains a fusion protein, which is activated by acidic pH. Upon activation, the protein causes the viral membrane to fuse with cell membranes. An old folk remedy against flu recommends that one should spend a night in a horse’s stable. Odd as it may sound, there is a rational explanation for this advice. Air in stables contains ammonia (NH3) generated by bacteria in the horse’s urine. Sketch a diagram showing the pathway (in detail) by which flu virus enters cells, and speculate how NH3 may protect cells from virus infection.Name one way other that a protein synthesized in the cytosol might then be targeted to the plasma membrane.
- Briefly describe, how P-type transporters helps in transporting ions?According to the “Hawaiian Punch” principle, different compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathways are topologically equivalent to each other and to the extracellular space. Explain how vesicular transport generates this topological equivalence. These compartments are topologically equivalent because molecules can move between them without having to move out of the cell. Transport vesicles cause this “topological equivalence” because they are responsible for the actual movement of the molecules mentioned above. They break off from one compartment, carrying the necessary molecules, and then fuse to its targeted compartment; thus, making the compartments topologically equivalent. During mitosis in mammalian cells, the nuclear envelope breaks down into vesicles. Are the topological properties of the cell altered by this event? Justify your answer.Draw a mechanism using the general features of a serine protease to explain how inhibitor x might work using the following information: inhibitor x is a representative of a new family of serine protease inhibitors. treatment of chymotrypsin with inhibitor X rapidly decreased activity. to determine the mode of inhibition the researchers used dialysis to exchange the buffer with buffer lacking free inhibitor x. after dialysis, the enzyme did NOT recover any activity.