In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin forms long fibers as a result of Burying of non-polar amino acids Electrostatic interaction between glutamate and non polar amino acids Exposing polar amino acids Burying polar amino acids
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- Explain why adipocytes need glucose as well as fatty acids in order to synthesize triacylglycerols.Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.The subunits of hemoglobin and myoglobin share structural similarities. Some residues are hydrophilic in hemoglobin but are hydrophilic in myoglobin. Give an explanation as to why this may be the case.
- The “keto diet” is a dietary regimen in which carbohydrates are severely restricted, protein intake is low, and fat comprises 70–90% of daily calories. The diet causes “nutritional ketosis,” which is a different metabolic state than the ketosis that occurs in an untreated diabetic. The normal ketone body concentration is less than 0.6 mM. Explain why an individual on the keto diet may have a blood ketone body concentration of up to 3 mM. What biochemical pathways are active in an individual adhering to the keto diet? What pathways are largely inactive? Protein intake is kept low because a high-protein diet would inhibit ketosis. Explain why. Why might the keto diet lead to weight loss?When fats are converted to glucose, only the glycerolcomponent is used in this way, not the fatty acid. Explainwhy, and state what happens to the fatty acids.Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?
- Suggest an explanation for the fact that the amount of glycogen in type I glycogen-storage disease (von Gierke disease) is increased.About cardiotonic glycosides, based on a digoxin structure in the image: Classify the α,β-unsaturated lactone present in digoxin. What is the mechanism of the pharmacological action of digoxin, explain in detail?Express the Haworth projection of glucose. Show its alpha and beta anomers: