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- Discuss the role of E286 in the proton transfer carried out by cytochrome c oxidase. What are the D- and K-pathways? What is the fate of the protons from these two pathways? What is the role of E286? What three mechanisms contribute to the movement of the protons along these pathways?Compare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexesvary from 0.The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexes vary from 0.1 V to 0.39 V. Explain why these different values are necessary for the operation of this process
- All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).Some anaerobic prokaryotes reduce elemental sulfur to H2S. Assuming 100% efficiency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of acetate by S under standard conditions?Four electron carriers, a, b, c, and d, whose reduced and oxidized forms can be distinguished spectrophotometrically, are required for respiration in a bacterial electron-transport system. In the presence of substrates and oxygen, three different inhibitors block respira- tion, yielding the patterns of oxidation states shown below. What is the order of the carriers in the chain from substrates to O2, and where do the three inhibitors act? Carriers Inhibitor a b P 1 R 2 R R R 3 R R O and R indicate fully oxidized and fully reduced, respectively.
- All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (?′°E′° for NAD+/NADH is −0.32 V−0.32 V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase, which uses covalently‑bound FAD (?′°E′° for FAD/FADH2 in this enzyme is 0.050 V).0.050 V). The ?′°E′° value for fumarate/succinate is 0.031 V.0.031 V. a)Calculate the Δ?′°ΔG′° value for the oxidation of succinate using NAD+. b)Calculate the Δ?′°ΔG′° value for the oxidation of succinate using covalently‑bound FAD.The degradation of CH3 (CH₂ )10 - COOH via the beta-oxidation pathway requires: 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 5C0A-SH + 6H₂O 5FAD + 5NAD+ + 6C0A-SH+ 5H₂O 5FAD + 5NAD + 5C0A-SH + 5H₂0 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 6C0A-SH + 6H₂OSome anaerobic prokaryotes use nitrate (NO3- ) as the terminal electronacceptor for energy metabolism. Assuming 100% effi ciency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of NADH by nitrate?
- About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives: (a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production (b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor (c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP (d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol (e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and waterThe inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q) from participating in electron transfer in the electrontransport chain.(a) Will the presence of X prevent electrons from N ADH from passing through the electron trans-port chain? Explain why or why not.(b) Compound Y is a non-physiological reducing agent capable of directly reducing cytochromec1 in Complex III. Would oxygen consumption resume upon the addition of compound Y tomitochondria inhibited by inhibitor X? Be sure to explain your answer.In several species of bacteria, GAPDH activity is controlled by the NADH/NAD+ ratio. Does the activity of GAPDH increase or decrease when the NADH/NAD+ ratio increases? Explain. Assume that only the forward direction of the reaction is relevant. a) The activity of GAPDH increases when the NADH/NAD+ ratio increases. b) The activity of GAPDH decreases when the NADH/NAD+ ratio increases.