g. Give the official compounds used for treating diarrhea. (Gastrointestinal Agents) h. Name some types of laxatives and give their actions. (Gastrointestinal Agents) i. What ions are usually used as saline cathartics? (Gastrointestinal Agents)
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- Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with gastrointestinal system drug therapyIdentify the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers and explain the rationale for the use of proton pump inhibitors in treating peptic ulcers. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Bacteria = helicopter pylori PPI(proton pump inhibitors) block gastric H,K-ATPase, inhibiting gastric acid secretion( leads to acid suppression so that healing can take place)Identify the true statement about griseofulvin. Multiple Choice Griseofulvin is water rather than fat soluble. Less ultramicrosize drug may be taken on each dose compared to the microsized formulation. Ultramicrosize allows fewer particles to be in contact with the absorptive surface in the stomach. The clinical benefits derived from the conventional microsize formulation are less than the ultramicrosize formulation.
- Define the meaning of the term "peptic ulcer disease". Discuss some of the risk factors that make people susceptible (including factors that protect the mucosa of the stomach/duodenum and those that cause damage to it. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Accurate definition, e.g. mucosa break greater than 3-5mm in the stomach or duodenum with a visible depth. Discussion of factors e.g. infections (H. Pylori; others mainly in immunocompromised patients, e.g. cytomegalovirus ,tuberculosis, and syphilis), gastric bypass surgery, cigarette smoking, medication/drugs, physiological stress associated with critical illness (e.g. septicaemia), autoimmune diseases, eg, vasculitis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease. Discussion of factors e.g. protection: bucarb, blood flow, prostaglandin, mucus. Damage: H. Pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, drugs e.g. NSAIDExplain how an H2 antagonist agent affects gastricfunction.a. How are dental caries formed? What are the ways to prevent these? (Dental products) b. What is the hypothesis by which fluoride inhibits caries formation? (Dental products) c. What are the different routes of fluoride administration? (Dental products)
- Discuss the physiologic influence of various pathologies, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, spastic colon, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hyperacidic states, on the health of patients and their gastrointestinal tracts4) What are the different types of Oral hypoglycaemic agents? Give examples and briefly give their pharmacodynamics?Differentiate between bacterial infectionand bacterial intoxication. Discuss the importance of E. colias part of our intestinal flora. Describe three (3) different types of gastrointestinal diseases caused by bacteria. Be sure to give the name of the specific organism that causes each, describe some common signs and symptoms and discuss treatment for each disease: Define meningitis.Compare and contrast between bacterial and viral meningitis including treatment for each. What is a prion? Describe the impact prionshave on the human brain and discuss two prion-associated diseases in humans: What is a vector-borne (vector transmitted) disease? Give an example of a vector borne disease and the vector responsible for causing it: