For each network reliability issue, choose only one technique that can be used to mitigate it and explain why. The list of mechanisms includes (i) Timeouts, (ii) Sequence Numbers, and (iii) Acknowledgements. a) Duplicate packet arrives at receiver
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- An entry in the switching table of a virtual-circuit network is normally created during the setup phase and deleted during the teardown phase. In other words, the entries in this type of network reflect the current connections, the activity in the network. In contrast, the entries in a routing table of a datagram network do not depend on the current connections; they show the configuration of the network and how any packet should be routed to a final destination. The entries may remain the same even if there is no activity in the network. The routing tables, however, are updated if there are changes in the network. Can you explain the reason for these two different characteristics? Can we say that a virtual-circuit is a connection oriented network and a datagram network is a connectionless network because of the above characteristics?3. For each network reliability issue, choose only one technique that can be used to mitigate it and explain why. The list of mechanisms include (i) Timeouts, (ii) Sequence Numbers, and (iii) Acknowledgements. a) Duplicate packet arrives at receiver b) Packet received but has a bit-flip error c) Packet loss in transitTo ensure the quality of service, especially for multiple applications, regulating the rate at which packets are sent to the network is an important strategy. The leaky bucket is just one of such mechanisms. A flow of packets is said to conform to the leaky bucket specification (r, b), where r is the average rate and b is the burst rate, if the number of packets arriving at the leaky bucket is less than r*t + b in every time interval of t. What is the implication of that? What will happen if the number of packets arriving at the leaky bucket is equal to or greater than r*t + b?
- Consider the case of a packet being sent from one end system to the other. Each of the four types of delays that a packet could face should be described in depth.Suppose that our network is made of two computers. The computers are connected to eachother with three separate cables (links). The probability to fail for the first cable is 10%., for thesecond cable is 20% and for the third cable is 30%. What is our network reliability? Explain theresult and how it was calculated.In TCP/IP communication, a session needs to be established before communication and terminated after the communication. With the aid of diagrams critically explain TCP session establishment and termination processes in communication
- Consider a datagram network in which a packet travels through two switches S1 and S2 from source to destination. Packet experiences wait at each switch before it is forwarded. Transmission time, propagation time and wait time at each node is 3 ms, 1.5 ms, and 0.25 ms respectively. Find the total delay.Consider the transmission of a packet from one end system to another. Each of the four categories of delays that a packet may encounter should be thoroughly described.A factor in the delay of a store-and-forward packet-switching system is how long it takes to store and forward a packet through a switch. If switching time is 10 usec, is this likely to be a major factor in the response of a client-server system where the client is in New York and the server is in California? Assume the propagation speed in copper and fiber to be 2/3 the speed of light in vacuum.
- Let's imagine, for the sake of illustration, that a packet is now being sent from one site to another along a predetermined route. The following is a list of the components that make up the delay: Which of these delays is an ongoing problem, and which of them is sporadic in nature?One of the problems with timeout-triggered retransmissions is that the time-out period can be relatively long. When a segment is lost, this long timeout period forces the sender to delay resending the lost packet, thereby increasing the end-to-end delay. Is there any remedy for this?It is theoretically feasible for two hosts to communicate with one another by sending packets back and forth over the same connection. Please enumerate all of the components that are responsible for the overall amount of time required to process a single packet, starting to end. Is it to be anticipated that one of the delays will continue for a certain amount of time, while the duration of the other delay will be more unpredictable?