For each network reliability issue, choose only one technique that can be used to mitigate it and explain why. The list of mechanisms includes (i) Timeouts, (ii) Sequence Numbers, and (iii) Acknowledgements. a) Packet received but has a bit-flip error
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- 3. For each network reliability issue, choose only one technique that can be used to mitigate it and explain why. The list of mechanisms include (i) Timeouts, (ii) Sequence Numbers, and (iii) Acknowledgements. a) Duplicate packet arrives at receiver b) Packet received but has a bit-flip error c) Packet loss in transitWhat is the delay of sending a data file from a source station to a destination station? Suppose that the length of the data file is 2 Mbytes and the bandwidth of the channel is 1600 bps, and the network link between the sender and receiver is 20000 Km and the speed of the light inside the link is 2x108 meters/second? Assume that the delay is composed of only transmission time and propagation time.A 4480-octet datagram is to be transmitted and needs to be fragmented because it will pass through an Ethernet with a maximum payload of 1500 octets. Show the Total Length, More Flag, and Fragment Offset values in each of the resulting fragments.
- An entry in the switching table of a virtual-circuit network is normally created during the setup phase and deleted during the teardown phase. In other words, the entries in this type of network reflect the current connections, the activity in the network. In contrast, the entries in a routing table of a datagram network do not depend on the current connections; they show the configuration of the network and how any packet should be routed to a final destination. The entries may remain the same even if there is no activity in the network. The routing tables, however, are updated if there are changes in the network. Can you explain the reason for these two different characteristics? Can we say that a virtual-circuit is a connection oriented network and a datagram network is a connectionless network because of the above characteristics?The following frame should be transmitted over a given network (the frame is shown in hexadecimal): 7E DB DD 7E C0 7D DB DC FF C0. a) If the SLIP framing protocol is used; what are the bytes that are sent on the wire (after framing)? Show your workConsider the transmission of a packet from one end system to another. Each of the four categories of delays that a packet may encounter should be thoroughly described.
- The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimum number of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain the reason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packets of each network?Explain the Selective repeat error control protocol: on an end-to-end basis; on a link-by-link basis.Suppose a 1 Megabit message is to be transmitted over 2 hops in a network. The transmission lines in the network are not error free but are independent of each other. Each hop has BER=105. Calculate how many bits need to be transmitted to deliver the message using message switching.
- Suppose the two segments sent by A arrive in order at B. The first acknowledgment is lost, and the second acknowledgment arrives after the first time-out interval. Draw a timing diagram, showing these segments and all other segments and acknowledgments sent. (Assume there is no additional packet loss). For each segment in your figure, provide the sequence number and the number of bytes of data; for each acknowledgment that you add, provide the acknowledgment number.Suppose that our network is made of two computers. The computers are connected to eachother with three separate cables (links). The probability to fail for the first cable is 10%., for thesecond cable is 20% and for the third cable is 30%. What is our network reliability? Explain theresult and how it was calculated.b) The distance between a sender and a receiver of a data communication system is 1400 km and the propagation speed is 2.5 x 10° m/s. The system uses 5-bit sequence numbers whenever possible. Ignore waiting and processing delays. Also ignore the overhead due to the header and the trailer and assume no data or control frame is lost or damages during transmission. If each packet carries 1000 bits of data how long does it take to send 7 million bits of data for the following cases: If Go-Back-N ARQ protocol is used. If Selective-Repeat ARQ protocol is used. ii.