1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 3 Bonding: General Concepts 4 Molecular Structure And Orbitals 5 Stoichiometry 6 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 7 Chemical Energy 8 Gases 9 Liquids And Solids 10 Properties Of Solutions 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Acids And Bases 14 Acid- Base Equilibria 15 Solubility And Complex Lon Equilibria 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 17 Electrochemistry 18 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 19 The Representative Elements 20 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 21 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter5: Stoichiometry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ Problem 2RQ: Atomic masses are relative masses. What does this mean? Problem 3RQ: The atomic mass of boron (B) is given in the periodic table as 10.81, yet no single atom of boron... Problem 4RQ: What three conversion factors and in what order would you use them to convert the mass of a compound... Problem 5RQ: Fig. 5-5 illustrates a schematic diagram of a combustion device used to analyze organic compounds.... Problem 6RQ: What is the difference between the empirical and molecular formula of a compound? Can they ever be... Problem 7RQ: Consider the hypothetical reaction between A2 and AB pictured below. What is the balanced equation?... Problem 8RQ Problem 9RQ: Consider the following mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g). If SO2(g) and O2(g) react to form SO3(g), draw a... Problem 10RQ: Why is the actual yield of a reaction often less than the theoretical yield? Problem 1ALQ: The following are actual student responses to the question: Why is it necessary to balance chemical... Problem 2ALQ: What information do we get from a chemical formula? From a chemical equation? Problem 3ALQ: You are making cookies and are missing a key ingredienteggs. You have most of the other ingredients... Problem 4ALQ: Nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) react to form ammonia gas (NH3). Consider the mixture of N2... Problem 5ALQ: For the preceding question, which of the following equations best represents the reaction? a. 6N2 +... Problem 6ALQ Problem 7ALQ Problem 8ALQ: Consider an iron bar on a balance as shown. As the iron bar rusts, which of the following is true?... Problem 9ALQ: You may have noticed that water sometimes drips from the exhaust of a car as it is running. Is this... Problem 10ALQ Problem 11ALQ: What is true about the chemical properties of the product? a. The properties are more like chemical... Problem 12ALQ: Is there a difference between a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 mole ratio and a... Problem 13ALQ Problem 14ALQ: The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011. Assuming you could pick up one carbon atom, estimate... Problem 15ALQ: Can the subscripts in a chemical formula be fractions? Explain. Can the coefficients in a balanced... Problem 16ALQ: Consider the equation 2A + B . A2B. If you mix 1.0 mole of A with 1.0 mole of B, what amount (moles)... Problem 17ALQ: According to the law of conservation of mass, mass cannot be gained or destroyed in a chemical... Problem 18ALQ: Which of the following pairs of compounds have the same empirical formula? a. acetylene, C2H2, and... Problem 19ALQ: Atoms of three different elements are represented by O, , and . Which compound is left over when... Problem 20ALQ: In chemistry, what is meant by the term mole? What is the importance of the mole concept? Problem 21ALQ: Which (if any) of the following is (are) true regarding the limiting reactant in a chemical... Problem 22ALQ: Consider the equation 3A + B C + D. You react 4 moles of A with 2 moles of B. Which of the... Problem 23Q: Reference Section 5-2 to find the atomic masses of 12C and 13C, the relative abundance of 12C and... Problem 24Q: Avogadros number, molar mass, and the chemical formula of a compound are three useful conversion... Problem 25Q: If you had a mole of U.S. dollar bills and equally distributed the money to all of the people of the... Problem 26Q Problem 27Q: Which of the following compounds have the same empirical formulas? a. b. c. d. Problem 28Q Problem 29Q: How is the mass percent of elements in a compound different for a 1.0-g sample versus a 100.-g... Problem 30Q: A balanced chemical equation contains a large amount of information. What information is given in a... Problem 31Q Problem 32Q: Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water, and this reaction can be depicted as follows:... Problem 33Q: What is the theoretical yield for a reaction, and how does this quantity depend on the limiting... Problem 34Q: What does it mean to say a reactant is present in excess in a process? Can the limiting reactant be... Problem 35Q: Consider the following generic reaction: A2B2 + 2C 2CB + 2A What steps and information are... Problem 36Q: Consider the following generic reaction: Y2+2XY2XY2 In a limiting reactant problem, a certain... Problem 37E: An element consists of 1.40% of an isotope with mass 203.973 u, 24.10% of an isotope with mass... Problem 38E: An element X bas five major isotopes, which are listed below along with their abundances. What is... Problem 39E: The element rhenium (Re) bas two naturally occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re, with an average... Problem 40E: Assume silicon has three major isotopes in nature as shown in the table below. Fill in the missing... Problem 41E: The element europium exists in nature as two isotopes: 151Eu has a mass of 150.9196 u and 153Eu has... Problem 42E: The element silver (Ag) has two naturally occurring isotopes: 109 Ag and 107Ag with a mass of... Problem 43E: The mass spectrum of bromine (Br2) consists of three peaks with the following characteristics: Mass... Problem 44E: The stable isotopes of iron arc 54Fe, 56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe. The mass spectrum of iron looks like the... Problem 45E: Calculate the mass of 500. atoms of iron (Fe). Problem 46E: What number of Fe atoms and what amount (moles) of Fe atoms are in 500.0 g of iron? Problem 47E: Diamond is a natural form of pure carbon. What number of atoms of carbon are in a 1.00-carat diamond... Problem 48E: A diamond contains 5.0 1021 atoms of carbon. What amount (moles) of carbon and what mass (grams) of... Problem 49E: Aluminum metal is produced by passing an electric current through a solution of aluminum oxide... Problem 50E: The Freons are a class of compounds containing carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. While they have many... Problem 51E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. c. (NH4)2Cr2O7 Problem 52E: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. a. b. Ca3(PO4)2 c. Na2HPO4 Problem 53E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 54E: What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 55E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 5 1? Problem 56E: What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 52? Problem 57E Problem 58E Problem 59E Problem 60E: What number of molecules (or formula units) are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in... Problem 61E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 51? Problem 62E Problem 63E: Freon- 12 (CCI2F2) is used as a refrigerant in air conditioners and as a propellant in aerosol cans.... Problem 64E: Bauxite, the principal ore used in the production of aluminum, has a molecular formula of Al2O32H2O.... Problem 65E: What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples? a. 150.0 g Fe2O3 b. 10.0 mg NO2 c. 1.5 ... Problem 66E: What amount (moles) is represented by each of these samples? a. 20.0 mg caffeine, C8H10N4O2 b. 2.72 ... Problem 67E: What number of atoms of nitrogen are present in 5.00 g of each of the following? a. glycine, C2H5O2N... Problem 68E: Complete the following table. Problem 69E: Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C (C6H8O6), is an essential vitamin. It cannot be stored by the body and... Problem 70E: The molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), one of the most commonly used pain... Problem 71E: Chloral hydrate (C2H3Cl3O2) is a drug formerly used as a sedative and hypnotic. It is the compound... Problem 72E: Dimethylnitrosamine, (CH3)2N2O , is a carcinogenic (cancer-causing) substance that may be formed in... Problem 73E: Calculate the percent composition by mass of the following compounds that are important starting... Problem 74E: In 1987 the first substance to act as a superconductor at a temperature above that of liquid... Problem 75E Problem 76E: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of carbon. a. caffeine.... Problem 77E: Fungal laccase, a blue protein found in wood-rotting fungi, is 0.390% Cu by mass. 1f a fungal... Problem 78E: Hemoglobin is the protein that transports oxygen in mammals. Hemoglobin is 0.347% Fe by mass, and... Problem 79E: Express the composition of each of the following compounds as the mass percents of its elements. a.... Problem 80E: Considering your answer to Exercise 79, which type of formula, empirical or molecular, can be... Problem 81E: Give the empirical formula for each of the compounds represented below. a. b. c. d. Problem 82E: Determine the molecular formulas to which the following empirical formulas and molar masses pertain.... Problem 83E: A compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 48.64% C and 8.16% H by mass. What is... Problem 84E: The most common form of nylon (nylon-6) is 63.68% carbon, 12.38% nitrogen, 9.80% hydrogen, and... Problem 85E: There are two binary compounds of mercury and oxygen. Heating either of them results in the... Problem 86E: A sample of urea contains 1.121 g N, 0.161 g H, 0.480 g C, and 0.640 g O. What is the empirical... Problem 87E Problem 88E: Determine the molecular formula of a compound that contains 26.7% P, 12.1% N, and 61.2% Cl, and has... Problem 89E: A compound contains 47.08% carbon, 6.59% hydrogen, and 46.33% chlorine by mass; the molar mass of... Problem 90E: Maleic acid is an organic compound composed of 41.39% C, 3.47% H, and the rest oxygen. If 0.129 mole... Problem 91E: One of the components that make up common table sugar is fructose, a compound that contains only... Problem 92E: A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of 35.0 mg of the compound produces 33.5 mg CO2 and... Problem 93E Problem 94E: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 10.68 mg of the compound yields... Problem 95E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: a. Glucose (C6H12O6) reacts... Problem 96E: Give the balanced equation for each of the following. a. The combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH) forms... Problem 97E Problem 98E: Iron oxide ores, commonly a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3, are given the general formula Fe3O4. They... Problem 99E: Balance the following equations: a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) +H2O(l) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) b. Al(OH)3(s) +... Problem 100E: Balance each of the following chemical equations. a. KO2(s) + H2O(l) KOH(aq) + O2(g) + H2O2(aq) b.... Problem 101E Problem 102E: Balance the following equations: a. Cr(s) + S8(s) Cr2S3(s) b. NaHCO3(s)HeatNa2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g)... Problem 103E: Silicon is produced for the chemical and electronics industries by the following reactions. Give the... Problem 104E Problem 105E: Over the years, the thermite reaction has been used for welding railroad rails, in incendiary bombs,... Problem 106E: The reaction between potassium chlorate and red phosphorus takes place when you strike a match on a... Problem 107E: The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of aluminum and ammonium... Problem 108E: One of relatively few reactions that takes place directly between two solids at room temperature is... Problem 109E: Elixirs such as Atka-Seltzer use the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with citric acid in aqueous... Problem 110E: Aspirin (C9H8O4) is synthesized by reacting salicylic acid (C7H6O3) with acetic anhydride (C4H6O3).... Problem 111E: Bacterial digestion is an economical method of sewage treatment. The reaction is an intermediate... Problem 112E: Phosphorus can be prepared from calcium phosphate by the following reaction:... Problem 113E: Coke is an impure form of carbon that is often used in the industrial production of metals from... Problem 114E: The space shuttle environmental control system handles excess CO2 (which the astronauts breathe out;... Problem 115E: Consider the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) represented below. What is the balanced equation for... Problem 116E: Consider the following reaction: 4NH3(g)4NO(g)+6H2O(g) If a container were to have 10 molecules of... Problem 117E Problem 118E: Consider the following unbalanced equation: Ca3(PO4)2(s)+H2SO4(aq)CaSO4(s)+H3PO4(aq) What masses of... Problem 119E: Hydrogen peroxide is used as a cleansing agent in the treatment of cuts and abrasions for several... Problem 120E: Silver sulfadiazine bum-treating cream creates a barrier against bacterial invasion and releases... Problem 121E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially from the reaction of gaseous ammonia, oxygen, and methane:... Problem 122E: Acrylonitrile C3H3N) is the starting material for many synthetic carpets and fabrics. It is produced... Problem 123E Problem 124E: DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds, and humans, is produced by the following reaction: In a... Problem 125E: Bornite (Cu3FeS3) is a copper ore used in the production of copper. When heated, the following... Problem 126E: Consider the following unbalanced reaction: P4(s)+F2(g)PF3(g) What mass of F2 is needed to produce... Problem 127AE: In using a mass spectrometer, a chemist sees a peak at a mass of 30.0106. Of the choices 12C21H6,... Problem 128AE: Boron consists of two isotopes, 10B and 11B. Chlorine also has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. Consider... Problem 129AE: A given sample of a xenon fluoride compound contains molecules of the type XeFn, where n is some... Problem 130AE: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is 160 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) when... Problem 131AE: Anabolic steroids are performance enhancement drugs whose use has been banned from most major... Problem 132AE: Many cereals are made with high moisture content so that the cereal can be formed into various... Problem 133AE: The compound adrenaline contains 56.79% C, 6.56% H, 28.37% O, and 8.28% N by mass. What is the... Problem 134AE: Adipic acid is an organic compound composed of 49.31% C, 43.79% O, and the rest hydrogen. If the... Problem 135AE Problem 136AE: Some bismuth tablets, a medication used to treat upset stomachs, contain 262 mg of bismuth... Problem 137AE: The empirical formula of styrene is CH; the molar mass of styrene is 104.14 g/mol. What number of H... Problem 138AE: Terephthalic acid is an important chemical used in the manufacture of polyesters and plasticizers.... Problem 139AE: A sample of a hydrocarbon (a compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen) contains 2.59 1023... Problem 140AE: A binary compound between an unknown element E and hydrogen contains 91.27% E and 8.73% H by mass.... Problem 141AE: A 0.755-g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSo4xH2O was heated carefully until it had changed... Problem 142AE: ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications requiring shock resistance. The polymer... Problem 143AE Problem 144AE: Methane (CH4) is the main component of marsh gas. Heating methane in the presence of sulfur produces... Problem 145AE: A potential fuel for rockets is a combination of B5H9 and 0 2. The two react according to the... Problem 146AE: A 0.4230-g sample of impure sodium nitrate was heated, converting all the sodium nitrate to 0.2864 g... Problem 147AE Problem 148AE: Commercial brass, an alloy of Zn and Cu, reacts with hydrochloric acid os follows:... Problem 149AE Problem 150AE: You have seven closed containers, each with equal masses of chlorine gas (Cl2) . You add 10.0 g of... Problem 151AE: A substance X2Z has the composition (by mass) of 40.0% X and 60.0% Z. What is the composition (by... Problem 152CWP: Consider samples of phosphine (PH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen fluoride... Problem 153CWP: Calculate the number of moles for each compound in the following table. Compound Mass Moles... Problem 154CWP: Arrange the following substances in order of increasing mass percent of nitrogen. a. NO b. N2O c.... Problem 155CWP: Para-cresol, a substance used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of several herbicides, is a... Problem 156CWP: A compound with molar mass 180.1 g/mol has the following composition by mass: C 40.0% H 6.70% O... Problem 157CWP Problem 158CWP: Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation for the combustion of pentane (C5H12):... Problem 159CWP: Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfite and water. The unbalanced... Problem 160CP: Gallium arsenide, GaAs, has gained widespread use in semiconductor devices that convert light and... Problem 161CP: Consider the following data for three binary compounds of hydrogen and nitrogen: %H (by Mass) %N... Problem 162CP: Natural rubidium has the average mass of 85.4678 u and is composed of isotopes 85Rb (mass = 84.9117... Problem 163CP: A compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Combustion of 0.157 g of the... Problem 164CP: Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process, represented by the following equations:... Problem 165CP: When the supply of oxygen is limited, iron metal reacts with oxygen to produce a mixture of FeO and... Problem 166CP: A 9.780-g gaseous mixture contains ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8). Complete combustion to form... Problem 167CP: Zinc and magnesium metal each reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chloride salts of the respective... Problem 168CP Problem 169CP: Consider a gaseous binary compound with a molar mass of 62.09 g/mol. When 1.39 g of this compound is... Problem 170CP Problem 171CP Problem 172CP: The aspirin substitute, acetaminophen (C8H9O2N), is produced by the following three-step synthesis:... Problem 173CP: An element X forms both a dichloride (XCl2) and a tetrachloride (XC4). Treatment of 10.00 g XCl2... Problem 174CP Problem 175CP: When aluminum metal is heated with an element from Group 6A of the periodic table, an ionic compound... Problem 176CP: Consider a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium nitrate that is 43.2% potassium by mass. What... Problem 177CP: Ammonia reacts with O2 to form either NO(g) or NO2(g) according to these unbalanced equations:... Problem 178CP: You take 1.00 g of an aspirin tablet (a compound consisting solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen),... Problem 179IP: With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy, it is now possible to write... Problem 180IP: Tetrodotoxin is a toxic chemical found in fugu pufferfish, a popular but rare delicacy in Japan.... Problem 181IP Problem 182IP Problem 183IP Problem 184MP: A 2.077-g sample of an element, which has an atomic mass between 40 and 55, reacts with oxygen to... Problem 185MP: Consider the following balanced chemical equation: A+5B3C+4D a. Equal masses of A and B are reacted.... Problem 185MP: Consider the following balanced chemical equation: A+5B3C+4D a. Equal masses of A and B are reacted....
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Calculations
Find the mass of the cup, water, and Alka-Seltzer tablet by adding the mass of the cup and water to the mass of the Alka-Seltzer tablet
Find the mass of CO2 lost by subtracting the mass of the cup, water, and tablet after the reaction from the mass of the cup, water, and tablet before the reaction
Use the molar mass to find the moles of CO2
Use Avogadro’s Law to find the expected volume of CO2 produced at STP
Use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of CO2 produced at the real temperature and pressure you did the experiment at. Be sure to convert pressure to atm and temperature to K.
Use the mass of CO2 and the following balanced equation to calculate the grams of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) that are present in the tablet
H3 C6 H5 O7 (aq) + 3 NaHCO3 (aq) à Na3 C6 H5 O7 (aq) + 3 H2 O (l) + 3 CO2 (g)
Look at the active ingredients panel on the Alka-Seltzer box. Convert the mass of sodium bicarbonate given to grams and record in table 2.
Calculate the percent error for sodium bicarbonate using the formula:
Data:
Table 1 Experiment Data
Item
Measurement
Mass of Alka-Seltzer tablet
Mass of cup and water
Mass of cup, water, and tablet after the reaction
Observations: (REQUIRED)
Table 2 Calculation Results
Item
Measurement
Mass of cup, water, and Alka-Seltzer tablet before reaction
Mass of CO2 lost
Moles of CO2
Liters of CO2 at STP
Liters of CO2 at your conditions
Mass of NaHCO3 in your tablet
Mass of NaHCO3 according to label
Percent error
Analysis:
Based on the volume you calculated at your measured temperature and pressure, how many tablets would you need to fill a 9.6 L balloon with CO2 ?
How close is the calculated mass of sodium bicarbonate to that reported on the ingredients label?
What sources of error could have resulted in your percent error?
Definition Definition Number of atoms/molecules present in one mole of any substance. Avogadro's number is a constant. Its value is 6.02214076 × 10 23 per mole.
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