7. In experimental laboratory, the effect of epinephrine on glycogen metabolism in a muscle tissue sample of the mutant mice line was studied. After adding 5.8. The Metabolism of Ethanol in the Liver 307 epinephrine to the investigated medium CAMP concentration in the cells increased, but glycogen phosphorylase was present only in dephosphorylated, inactive form. Give the enzyme defect most likely in the mutant mice muscles? To solve the problem, answer the questions: a) can these animals perform sudden, intense work, for example, to run away from danger? b) can these animals do moderate physical activity? c) argue the answers by making a scheme of the hormone action on glycogen metabolism in the muscles.
Q: 10. Isoniazid (MAO inhibitor) is prescribed to the patient with Parkinson discase. What does cause…
A: Parkinson's disease is the second most common movement illness, affecting one million people in…
Q: 9. In a patient with a hereditary discase caused by liver phosphorylase kinase defect, hepatomegaly…
A: Glucose is an important molecule in energy production. It is stored in the form of glycogen in…
Q: In one or two words, explain the following statement: In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen…
A: Metabolism comes under the category of chemical process in which food is converted into energy in…
Q: 6. Noncompetitive inhibition is a limiting case in which the effect of binding inhibitóf has no…
A: Non-competitive inhibitors binds to both enzyme-substrate complex, and enzyme only. Also, substrate…
Q: 3. One indication of the relative importance of various ATP-producing pathways is the Vmax of…
A: I gave you the answers below.
Q: 2. Parkinson's disease is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brain.…
A: Enzymes are actually classified into seven classes, namely oxidoreductases, transferases,…
Q: 8. In considering PDC regulation, why are reactants typically activators, and why are products…
A: The TCA cycle is an important pathway in metabolism. They are amphibolic in nature, can be both…
Q: Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the…
A: Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative breakdown of glutamate to furnish…
Q: 8. For each reaction listed below, indicate the appropriate enzyme(s) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
A: Enzymes are biocatalyst that increases the rate of reaction without itself being changed or used in…
Q: 2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about phosphofructokinase-1? Select one: a. It is…
A: Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) is one of the three regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. PFK 1…
Q: 5. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an important enzyme regulating insulin signaling be-…
A: PTP1B enzyme in question catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphorylated tyrosine on Insulin receptor and…
Q: 2. When enzyme solutions are heated, there is a progressive loss of catalytic activity over time due…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy…
Q: 2. Prokariotic aldolase are mediated by a Zn²+ and are inhibited by EDTA, eukaryotic aldolases…
A: Note: According to the guidelines, we are answering the first question here, Please repost the other…
Q: 1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+.…
A: The glutamate dehydrogenase reaction is given below. Glutamate + H2O + NAD+ → α-Ketoglutarate + NH4+…
Q: 9. For the following aspartate reaction in the presence of inhibitor, Km = 0.00065 M. Determine Vmax…
A: Enzymes are biocatalyst that increases the speed of reaction by lowering the activation energy.…
Q: 3. Several of the mutant GK enzymes show a normal Vmax but reduced efficiency. What is a reasonable…
A: Glucokinase is an isozyme of hexokinases. These enzyme functions mainly in the liver and converts…
Q: Shortly after a typical meal, your blood glucose will rise from its fasting level of 4.4 mM to 6.6…
A: Note: Since you have posted multiple independent questions in the same request, we will solve the…
Q: 5) In an experiment to investigate the inhibition of the enzyme-glucosidase the following data for…
A: Lineweaver-Burk Plot: This plot is also called as double reciprocal plot as equation for the plot is…
Q: 9. For the following aspartate reaction in the presence of inhibitor, Km = 0.00065 M. Determine Vmax…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: 8. How many turns of the B-oxidation pathway would be needed to degrade each of the following fatty…
A: Beta oxidation pathway for fatty acid degradation to acetyl Co A.
Q: 8. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood…
A: Hi. Thank you for the question. As per the honor code, we are allowed to answer three sub-parts at a…
Q: 64 An investigator is studying the mechanism of action of an insulin-sensitizing drug. The addition…
A: Introduction Insulin is a hormone produced by the gland pancreas that regulates the level of…
Q: 6. In the citric acid cycle the enzyme aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate.…
A: We need to do calculations and make predictions using the thermodynamic parameters.
Q: 5. How does the epinephrine hormone regulate glycogen catabolism in the liver and muscle? Please…
A: The reserve food material in the animal body is the glycogen. Glycogen aids in providing energy to…
Q: 3b. Propose a plausible enzyme mechanism for the triose kinase, the catalyzes the conversion of…
A: Triose Kinase transfers the gamma phosphoryl of ATP to Glyceraldehyde to yield…
Q: 5. (a) Hexokinase IV is known as glucokinase (GCK) and is a central metabolic enzyme that…
A: Glucokinase (GCK) , the fourth isozyme version of Hexokinase (hence also called as Hexokinase IV) is…
Q: 7. Organophosphates, which are found in a lot of insecticides, block the activity of…
A: Acetylcholinesterase is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the…
Q: 1. Dehydrogenase with H₂N-KKRRRPRPKPAPASAMEWANTWENTY...-COOH a. Provide the amino acid sequence of…
A: The signal peptide have a significant role in protein targeting and protein translocation in both…
Q: 28. What is the intracellular glucose concentration if the AG for the following reaction is -20.1…
A: The reaction given in the question is Glucose-6-Phosphat -> Glucose + Pi Delta G = -20.1 kJ/mol…
Q: a. What is the optimum pH of wild type ß-galactosidase? b. What is the optimum temperature of mutant…
A: Enzyme activity refers to the general catalytic activity of an enzyme. It can be affected by:…
Q: 3. The succinate dehydrogenase reaction in the direction it proceeds within the CAC is shown below…
A: The above given equation ; Succinate + FAD ⇌Fumarate + FADH2 can be divided into 2 half reactions.…
Q: question #3
A: Glucose production in liver cells occurs through two processes: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.…
Q: 5. During prolonged fasting, amino acids derived from muscle proteins and connective tissue become…
A:
Q: 9. The transamination of the amino acid aspartate is catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. A)…
A: A)TRANSAMINATION is the process by which amino groups are removed from amino acids and transferred…
Q: 11. This below notation represents a Bi-Bi reaction. Aspartate Oxaloacetate a-Ketoglutarate…
A: Introduction In ping pong reactions, the first substrate binds to the enzyme, transfers a piece of…
Q: 5. Treatment of the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia by statins (pravastatin, for…
A: Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant condition. It is linked to early…
Q: 1. The Fehling’s reaction, which is a simple assay for reducing sugars, was used as a diagnostic…
A: as per our guidelines we are supposed to answer only one question when multiple questions are asked.
Q: 3. Calculate the ATP that is produced when linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid; 18:2) is (a)…
A: Calculation of ATP production :-
Q: 2) Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen. A) What is the reaction catalyzed by…
A: Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen. This reaction is catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase.
Q: 2) Draw the molecular structures of the products obtained when 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-…
A: Phospholipase are the group of enzymes which hydrolyzes the phospholipids into fatty acids. It is…
Q: One of the major findings of this study is that GTP arrests the enzyme. Draw (i) the natural…
A: Enzymes boost the rate constants of chemical reactions that would otherwise be hundreds of times…
Q: 1) Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) catalyzes the 3rd step of glycolysis, which is the committed step.…
A: Introduction: Phosphofructokinase is the main administrative protein in glycolysis. This compound…
Q: 5. Given the following information tables, determine in which cell type cleavage of the terminal…
A: The ATP is the adenosine triphosphate molecule, which contains the three-phosphate group, by means…
Q: 3. Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the reaction: carbamoylphosphate + aspartate →…
A: Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction.…
Q: The researchers working on happyase discover that the compound STRESS is a potent competitive…
A: Competitve inhibitors arethose which competes with the substrate to bind to the active site of the…
Q: Fatty acid COA esters are unable to diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus,…
A: The fatty acids are must be transported within the mitochondrial matrix for the beta oxidation that…
Q: Please help me in detail. for molecular Mechanism of ATP versus GTP selectivity of adenylate kinase,…
A: Enzyme substrate selectivity refers to the process of binding substrate to the active site and…
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- 1. The second high energy intermediate metabolite of glycolysis that can be used for substrate level phosphorylation is also a precursor molecule for the synthesis of several amino acids. Name 5 of these amino acids. 2. Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex.5. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an important enzyme regulating insulin signaling be- cause it catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the insulin receptor and on insulin receptor substrates, proteins of approximately 200,000 molecular weight that serve as cell sig- naling intermediates. The reaction has been shown to adhere to the following mechanism in the scheme below: k3 E-P 2- E + AROPO, НОРО,* 2- E • AROPO, ArОH where ArOPO32- represents the phosphorylated aromatic group. (a) (. ) With p-nitrophenyl-phosphate (PNPP), a syn- thetic organic substrate under conditions [So] >> Eo], the traces illustrated in the diagram to the right were obtained whereby the optical density at 410 nm monitors the release of the p-nitrophenolate anion (see reaction scheme above) upon cleavage of the ArOPO32- substrate. What is this phe- nomenon called? What information does this observation 0.14 0.12 [PTP1]=0.054 mM 0.1 0.08 0.06 [PTP1]=0.027 mM 0.04 provide about…19) Consider the table of allosteric effectors and their effect on the following metabolic processes. Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis PDH complex Krebs cycle acetyl-CoA Not applicable AMP Not applicable + glucagon Not applicable Not applicable - Each row contains one error. Correct the error in the table below Table 2 Correction (indicate process and effect (+ or -) acetyl-CoA AMP glucagon - Briefly explain the effect of each allosteric effector on the corrected pathway (based on Table 2 above)
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a potent stimulator of phosphofructokinase. Explain how fructose 2,6-bisphosphate might function in the concerted model for allosteric enzymes.2A. Red blood cells synthesize and degrade 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) by a detour of the glycolytic pathway, as shown below: glyeeraldehyde 3-phosphate GAP dehydrogenase 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate bisphosphoglycerate mutase ADP phosphoglycerate kinase 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate ATP 3-phosphoglycerate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase phosphoglycerate mutase 2-phosphoglycerate (i) The bisphosphoglycerate mutase/2,3-bisphosphoglcerate phosphatase reaction is catalyzed by a single enzyme, BPGM. At alkaline pH, BPGM favors the mutase activity while at lower pH, BPGM favors the phosphatase reaction. Use this information, along with the Bohr effect, to explain in the space below how red blood cells respond to a metabolic defect where a patient experiences chronic, elevated levels of lactic acid. I (ii) Individuals with red blood cell phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency suffer from moderate hemolytic anemia (a condition where red blood cells self-destruct before their normal lifespan). They…6. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3B) is a serine-threonine kinase known for its ability to regulate glycogen synthesis. In addition, it has been reported that GSK-3B plays important roles in many intracellular pathways and numerous pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Inhibitors have been developed to modulate GSK-3ß activity and used as therapies. The kinetics of the enzyme (GSK-3B) with and without its inhibitor is shown in the plot below. B 1/v (sec/uM) 1/(S] (1/uM) a) Which line indicate the condition with inhibitor, line A or line B? b) What is the type of this inhibitor? Explain. c) Determine Vmax and Km for this enzyme in the inhibited state. Be sure to include the units.
- Explain the indirect effect that allosteric effectors have on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of components within the PDH-complex. 2. The proton-motive force is a measure of the potential energy generated across the mitochondrial inner membrane during electron transport. Explain the factors that constitute this potential energy, that will be converted to the chemical energy of ATP by the cell.It has been shown recently that the African naked GLUT5-.O Fructose (b) mole-rat can withstand up to 18 min of complete anoxia (ab- sence of O2) in the presence of high levels of CO2 without ap- parent brain damage. The basis of its capacity to tolerate such unusual conditions is that the brain, heart, and liver in the mole- rat switch to fructose-driven glycolysis. In contrast to normal mice, these tissues in the naked mole-rat have high levels of GLUT5 specific for cellular uptake of fructose. The available pathways for breakdown of fruct ose for metabolic energy production are shown on the right. KHK stands for ketohexosekinase, an enzyme that is markedly upregulated in the mole-rat compared to normal mice. Conse- quently mice must metabolize fructose largely via hexokinase (HK). In the diagram ALDOB, ALDOA, etc. represent aldolase isozymes. KHK HK Fructose-6-P PFK Fructose-1-P Fructose-1,6-BP ALDOA ALDOC ALDOB ALDOC Glyceraldehyde DHAP GAЗP Glyc-3-P 3-PGA Lactate Pyruvate mouse…1. The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase is important in the breakdown of amino acids to produce NH4+. High levels of NH4+ in the body are toxic, and for this reason it is used to form urea to be excreted in the urine. Using the information provided, calculate the delta G knot prime and the Keq value at 298K for the oxidation of glutamate catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. (Constants: R=8.3J/degree.mol, F=96.1kJ/V.mol) How to identify the final and initial reactions in a group of redox reactions and do we reverse the reduction reaction if the question asks for oxidation?
- 3. Acetylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase enzyme im- portant in nerve signal transmission, hydrolyzing acetylcho- line, an ester molecule with a positively charged quaternary nitrogen group. The structure of the physiologically relevant substrate of this enzyme is shown on the right. The quater- H₂C nary nitrogen group serves to anchor the molecule in the active site Gly121 Oxy- anion hole Gly122 Ala204 Substrate ACh His447 Catalytic triad Ser203 Glu202 Glu334 Ser229 CH3 N+ CH3 CH3 The a Scale document down rine protease family, consisting of a catalytic triad Ser203- His447-Glu334 with Ser203 supplying the nucleophilic hydroxyl group and an oxyanion hole com- prised of peptide NH groups of Gly121, Gly122, and Ala204, illustrated in the diagram above, for which carbon (green), nitrogen (blue), and oxygen (red) atoms are shown while hydrogen atoms are white. The enzyme catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following scheme: (a)( k1 K2 E + S = ES K-1 K3 EYE + P where ES…The KMof the enzyme for the substrate adenosine is 3 × 10ꟷ5M. The product inosine acts as an inhibitor of the reaction, with an inhibition constant (KI, the dissociation constant for enzyme-inhibitor binding) of 3 × 10ꟷ4M. However, a transition state analog,Inhibits the reaction with KIof 1.5 × 10ꟷ13M. Explain why 1,6-dihydroinosine serves as a better inhibitor of adenosine deaminase than inosine. Elaborate on your answe#1 Specify the role each of the following amino acids play within the crystal structure and/or active site for Be as specific as possible, with pictures (and mechanistic arrows) as necessary. His11 Arg140 Glu89 Trp68 #2 Provide a step-wise mechanism for the reaction Bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes, using the amino acids responsible for aiding in catalysis. You do not need to add surrounding amino acids that aid in substrate specificity. (drawn out)