2) Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen. A) What is the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase? B) What are TWO ways (modes of regulation) that the activity of glycogen phosphorylase is controlled- at the level of the enzyme? C) What TWO hormones control the level of activity of glycogen phosphorylase, and WHAT EFFECT (increase/decrease) do these two hormones have on the activity of glycogen phosphorylase? D) Explain how the above listed factors affect the activity of glycogen phosphorylase - at the level of the enzyme. E) Glucagon drives phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits dephosphorylation. Explain.

Q: What are the three steps in glycogen degradation and what enzymes are required?

A: Glycogen is the storage molecule for glucose. Glycon is insoluble in an aqueous medium and thus does…

Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit…

A: The muscles and the liver respond in distinct ways to the same hormone signal, thus participating in…

Q: How do insulin and epinephrine regulate glycogen metabolism in the muscle through the Glycogen…

A: The anabolic motion of insulin is antagonized through the catabolic motion of glucagon. Insulin…

Q: Name two forms of control of enzymatic action. Which of the two is more important in control of…

A: Enzymes are specialized proteins that can catalyze biochemical reactions. Enzymes can be classified…

Q: Which of the following is NOT involved in the activation of glucose for glycogen synthesis?   A.…

A: Step 1:  Glucose is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate, which is the same process as the first…

Q: Which isoenzyme of Lactate dehydrogenase is present in blood?.

A: Isoenzymes are physically different from of enzyme that catalyses same biochemical reactions.

Q: Is ketogenesis anabolic or catabolic? Thus, what initiates the ketogenesis in our body?

A: Most of the acetyl-CoA produced during fatty acid oxidation is used by the citric acid cycle or in…

Q: If glucose is such a readily available fuel, why is gluconeogenesis necessary?

A: Gluconeogenesis refers to the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such as glycerol…

Q: What level of protein structure is hexameric insulin?

A: The pancreas has a very important role in the body. It can function as endocrine as well as…

Q: What is role of insulin in human body?

A: Introduction Glucose is the main source of energy and the simplest carbohydrate which is present in…

Q: what are the major physiological effects of galactosemia?

A: Galactosemia is defined as a rare and inherited disorder that prevents babies from processing…

Q: Name the genetically engineered human Insulin?

A: The process of artificial modification, manipulation, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid…

Q: explain the allosteric regulation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase?

A: Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain…

Q: How Is Oxaloacetate Regenerated to Complete the Cycle?

A: Initially oxaloacetate is combined with acetyl Co A to initiate the TCA cycle. The addition of these…

Q: How does glucose binding to glycogen phosphorylase stimulate glycogen synthesis?

A: When there is an enormous amount of energy present, then the cell uses these to synthesize glycogen…

Q: the saponification of this triglycerides?

A: Triglycerides are a kind of fat present within the blood circulation. It is important for health but…

Q: How do the pathways for the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen differ in liver and muscle? How does…

A: In stressful conditions/fasting/starvation when the blood glucose level is low, some…

Q: Which of the following cause and effect relationships below is incorrect?      higher ligand…

A: A potential gradient known as membrane potential causes ions to passively migrate in one direction:…

Q: What is the first step in glycogen degradation? a) remodeling of the glycogen substrate b)…

A: Glycogenolysis is a process of breakdown of Glycogen to glucose. It takes place in the liver and…

Q: What is the effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis of (a) increasing the level of ATP, (b)…

A: Gluconeogenesis is the biochemical pathway in which glucose is produced as the end product. The…

Q: Define glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Which hormones promote each?

A: There are many different biochemical reactions that constantly occur in the body. Hormones are…

Q: Does the allosteric regulation induced by insulin activate (or repress) phosphofructokinase-1…

A: Phosphofructose kinase 1 is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose…

Q: Name the following enzymes: a. enzyme responsible for the cutting of the sugar on the nonreducing…

A: Asked : Enzymes for the given statement

Q: Does glucagon lead to the deactivation or activation of glycogen phosphorylase and the…

A: Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by α-cells of pancreas. Glucagon released during the low…

Q: Name the anabolic pathway that synthesizes fatty acids.

A: Fatty acid synthesis is the important anabolic pathway in most organisms which involves de novo…

Q: Why is it advantageous that breakdown of glycogen gives rise to glucose-6-phosphate rather than to…

A: Introduction The phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen results in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate…

Q: True or False   c. Glycogen synthase catalyzes the synthesis of α-1,6 linkages.  True False   d.…

A: Glycogen is an extensively branched glucose polymer that is found only in animals and is used as an…

Q: How is methionine metabolism related to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine?

A: Phosphatidylcholine (PC) refers to a class of phospholipids that contains choline as a major group.…

Q: How do the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase differ from…

A: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, abbreviated as GPDH is an enzyme that is responsible for the…

Q: f a commercially available insulin preparation contains 1 ppm of proinsulin, how many micrograms of…

A: Glucose is a carbohydrate, which provides instant energy to the body for carrying out the various…

Q: Why does the lack of glucose 6- phosphatase activity in the brain and muscle make good physiological…

A: Glucose is considered as an important energy source for all cells. It is required by the body in…

Q: What roles do glucagon and epinephrine play in glycogen breakdown?

A: Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose residues and most of the glycogen molecule is degraded to…

Q: How are branch points normally introduced into glycogen?

A: Introduction: Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that acts as an energy storage…

Q: Is AMP an allosteric inhibitor or activator of glycogen phosphorylase in the muscle or liver

A: Muscle glycogen phosphorylase: AMP act as activator of glycogen phosphorylase -a form (active form)…

Q: Prostaglandins have recognized roles in reproduction,respiration, and _________________.

A: Introduction: Cell signaling.

Q: What is the advantage for some tumors to stop expressing the genes for glucose-6-phosphatase,…

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Q: hat are the physiological effects of prostaglandins, explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of…

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Q: what is one physiological consequence that might occur if gluconeogenesis was the exact opposite of…

A: Gluconeogenesis is a process by which glucose molecules are produced from non-carbohydrate…

Q: What are the substrates and products of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase?  Add names

A: Glycogenolysis is a process in which glycogen is converted into glucose.

Q: What triggers gluconeogenesis? Then, what is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?

A: The metabolic mechanism gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources.…

Q: Avidin, a protein found in egg whites, binds to biotin so strongly that it inhibits enzymes that…

A: Avidin was naturally found in the raw eggs whereas the affinity of biotin was destroyed upon…

Q: .What would happen in the Krebs cycle with the loss of activity of phosphoglycerate kinase? What…

A: Hi! Since you have posted multiple questions and have not mentioned which question to answer, we…

Q: What is the chief benefit of being able to perform the glyoxylate cycle?

A: Introduction: The glyoxylate cycle occurs in plants, certain invertebrates, and some microorganisms…

Q: What are three heterotropic allosteric regulators of glycogen phosphorylase? Describe their effects.

A: One of the phosphorylase enzymes is Glycogen Phosphatase. Glycogen phosphorylase releases…

Q: Describe the functions of glutathione within cells.

A: Glutathione is a Tripeptide that was linked by a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of…

Q: How is the enzymatic activity reversed so that glycogen breakdown halts and glycogen synthesis…

A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…

Q: What is the Source of Ca21?

A: Introduction: The myofibrils are made of parallel bundles of protein microfilaments called…

Q: By what the two polypeptides of human insulin are linked together?

A: Insulin is peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic cells that is responsible for reduction of blood…

Q: Glucose is the only carbohydrate that the brain can use for energy. Which pathway is mobilized to…

A: The process of breakdown of glucose to generate the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is…

Q: what linkage does glycogen synthase catalyzes?

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