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Part 2 Bio Question 3
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- A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.9. Fill in the table below, outlining different aspects of neuronal signalling in sino atrial node of the mammalian heart. A legend of possible entries is provided below the table, specifically for the columns "marker genes", "associated G proteins" and "ionotropic targets" Marker gene Ionotropic receptors Possible associated G proteins Gs Gq Gi/Go Possible marker genes: Solute carrier family 17 Glutamate decarboxylase Dopamine ß hydroxylase Choline acetyltransferase Possible ionotropic targets: Cayl channels Ca 2 channels GIRK channels Metabotropic receptors M2,4 B1,2 Associated G protein Ionotropic target(s) Effects on heart Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Tyrosine hydroxylase Histidine decarboxylase M-type K+ channels HCN channels BK and SK channels5. Explain the signaling steps that take place after the EGF receptor is dimerized, up to the poiunt when Ras gets activated. Draw a schematic to make it easier for your classmates to understand.6. Explain why the RTK signaling pathway includes the extra complication of having a protein (Ras) that switches between GTP- and GDP-bound states. PLEASE ANDWER BOTH
- 1. Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. epistatic interaction 1. divide the body into identical units(segments)b. regulative 2. initiated by binding of ligand todetermination receptorc. modifier screen 3. individuals with cells of more thanone genotyped. RNAi 4. the fate of early embryonic cells canbe altered by the environmente. ectopic expression 5. assign identity to body segmentsf. homeodomain 6. substance whose concentrationdetermines cell fatesg. green fluorescent 7. suppression of gene expression byprotein double-stranded RNAh. genetic mosaics 8. method for identifying pleiotropicgenesi. segmentation genes 9. a DNA-binding motif found incertain transcription factorsj. homeotic genes 10. encode proteins that accumulate inunfertilized eggs and are needed forembryo developmentk. morphogen 11. double mutant has phenotype of oneof the two mutantsl. maternal effect 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriategenes tissue or at…a. A typical cellular response of a mammary epithelial cell to EGF signal is proliferation. the Kd for the interaction between EGF and its receptor is 1x10^-10 M. Lets imagine that at least 25% of the receptors on a normal cell must be engaged by EGD in order to trigger the cellular proliferation response. What minimum concentration of EGF is required to reduce cell proliferation? (Show calculation). b. Mammary epithelial cancer cells have amplified levels of EGF receptors on their surface. If such a cell has 1000 EGF receptors, as compared to 200 receptors on a normal cell, what minimum concentration of EGF is required to induce cell proliferation in the cancer cell? [Show calculation]. Note that the same number of receptors (not percentage of receptors) must be activated to promote proliferation in normal cells and cancer cell. c. The ambient (unstimulated) concentration of EGF in mammary epithelial tissue is 1x10^-11 M. Will this level of EGF stimulate proliferation in normal…1A.If transcription factor G is downstream of EGFR and upregulates gene H, what happens to H if Grb2 has an ER signal sequence? 1B. If transcription factor A is phosphorylated by Akt and upregulates gene B, what happens to gene B if a PI3K inhibitor is added? Choices are: A. No expression of the gene B. Upregulation even in the absence of stimulation/ EGF C. Upregulation but only in the presence of cytokine/ EGF
- 2) This diagram shows the signaling pathway involved in transducing extracellular matrix (ECM) signals to induce S-phase progression. Briefly: ECM (shown in green) binds to and activate integrins which bind to and activate Ras which binds to and activate Raf which binds to and activate MEK, which.... etc (you get the idea) until Erk activates cyclinD which the form a complex with CDK4/6. For the purpose of this problem, we consider that the signals provided by the ECM through this pathway are necessary and sufficient for the cell to enter S phase. Erk Integrin Erk Ras Raf MEK Cyclin D Cyclin D CDK4/6 S phase A) In your studies of the cell cycle, you isolated a new cell line called mutRAS2 cells. Unlike normal wild type cells, you find that Ras is always bound to GTP in mutRAS2 cells. Describe how the cell cycle differs between mutRAS2 cells and normal cells when ECM is not present. Explain your reasoning: B) In another mutant cell (named mutCD2), you found that a cyclinD mutation…Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because.___ the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances the target and signaling cells are close together the ligands are degraded rapidly the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transportDuring signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMP
- Figure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In response to increased temperature (a “heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. At the same time, transcription of HSP genes is activated. Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins?A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering behavior impacts the stress response in their pups. Rats that were born and grew up with attentive mothers showed low activation of stress-response genes later in life, while rats with inattentive mothers had high activation of stress-response genes in the same situation. An additional study that swapped the pups at birth (i.e., rats born to inattentive mothers grew up with attentive mothers and vice versa) showed the same positive effect of attentive mothering. How do genetics and/or epigenetics explain the results of this study?8. Explain the steps that lead to phosphorylation (activation) of Akt by EGFR receptor. 9. Explain the difference between the heterotrimeric G-protein of a G-protein coupled receptor and a small G-protein like Ras. 10. Explain how binding of odorants to their receptors triggers activation of adenylate cyclase.