5. You are given three different substances that are known mutagens. Using a variety of techniques, you analyze the results of exposure to these substances. Your findings are shown in the table below. Using this data, match each of the three substances with one of the following molecular properties and explain your choice Molecular Properties I. One mutagen that looks like cytosine but forms a covalent bond with guanine II. One mutagen that can bind with either adenine or guanine III. A molecule that can insert itself between two base pairs in a DNA strand Substance Result of exposure A B C Increases the number of mutants that produce mRNA with AGA codons instead of AAA codons Significantly fewer viable colonies Increase in mutants containing frameshift mutations Substance Molecular Reason for choice property A B 8

5. You are given three different substances that are known mutagens. Using a variety of techniques, you analyze the results of exposure to these substances. Your findings are shown in the table below. Using this data, match each of the three substances with one of the following molecular properties and explain your choice Molecular Properties I. One mutagen that looks like cytosine but forms a covalent bond with guanine II. One mutagen that can bind with either adenine or guanine III. A molecule that can insert itself between two base pairs in a DNA strand Substance Result of exposure A B C Increases the number of mutants that produce mRNA with AGA codons instead of AAA codons Significantly fewer viable colonies Increase in mutants containing frameshift mutations Substance Molecular Reason for choice property A B 8

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter14: Dna Structure And Function

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20RQ: A scientist creates fruit fly larvae with a mutation that eliminates the exonuclease function of DNA...

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4. A recent estimate of the rate of base substitutions atSNP loci is about 1 × 10−8 per nucleotide pair pergamete.a. Based on this estimate, about how many de novomutations (that is, mutations not found in the genomes of your parents) are present in your own genome?b. Where and when did these de novo mutations inyour genome most likely occur?
1. How would you determine experimentally mutagenesis caused by stress? 2. What are the evolutionary advantages associated with stress-induced mutagenesis? 3. How do bacteria cope with mutagenesis? List and explain at least three way
3. Now that the sequence of the entire E. coli K12 straingenome (roughly 5 Mb) is known, you can determineexactly where a cloned fragment of DNA came fromin the genome by sequencing a few bases and matching that data with genomic information.a. About how many nucleotides of sequence information would you need to determine exactly where afragment is from?b. If you had purified a protein from E. coli cells,roughly how many amino acids of that proteinwould you need to know to establish which geneencoded the protein?c. You determine 100 nucleotides of sequence ofgenomic DNA from a different E. coli strain, butyou cannot find a match in the E. coli K12 genomesequence. How is this possible?
1. If you will use apple or strawberries instead of banana do you think the result would be the same in the extraction of DNA from a banana? Why or why not?
A scientist creates fruit fly larvae with a mutation that eliminates the exonuclease function of DNA pol III. Which prediction about the mutational load in the adult fruit flies is most likely to be correct? The adults with the DNA pol III mutation will have significantly more mutations than average The adults with the DNA pol III mutation will have slightly more mutations than average The adults with the DNA pol III mutation will have the same number of mutations as average The adults with the DNA pol III mutation will have fewer mutations than average.
Discuss Concepts A forensic scientist obtained a small DNA sample from a crime scene. In order to examine the sample, he increased its quantity by cycling the sample through the polymerase chain reaction. He estimated that there were 50,000 copies of the DNA in his original sample. Derive a simple formula and calculate the number of copies he will have after15 cycles of the PCR.
Which of the following statements about DNA is false? a. Phosphate is linked to the 5 and 3 carbons of adjacentdeoxyribose molecules. b. DNA is bidirectional in its synthesis. c. Each side of the helix is antiparallel to the other. d. The binding of adenine to thymine is through three hydrogenbonds. e. Avery identified DNA as the transforming factor in crossesbetween smooth and rough bacteria.
1. ls a random mutation more likely to be beneficial or harmful? Explain your answer 2. Distinguish between spontaneous and induced mutations. Which are more harmful? Which are avoidable?
1. Below is the base sequence of protein for normal hemoglobin and the base sequence for the sickle cell hemoglobin:Normal: GGG CTT CTT TTTSickle: GGG CAT CTT TTTa. Transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA. b. Identify this as a point or frameshift mutation. Explain. c. If the base sequence read GGG CTT CTT AAA instead, would this result in sickle cell hemoglobin? Explain.
1. In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe? a. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form b. Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic c. Mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections. d. Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains
1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). a) Hypothetically, what specific type of VECTOR will you use to perform your gene therapy? Please select from the following list of potential vectors: disabled retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), or herpes simplex virus (HSV), then give two reasons why this specific vector is the most appropriate for your gene therapy. Please explain why you were able to rule out the other potential…
1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Other scientists have suggested that it might be possible to use CRISPR to treat this genetic disorder in affected individuals. (i) First, what is CRISPR? (BRIEFLY describe what it is and how it works). (ii) Briefly describe how CRISPR could be utilized in treating genetic conditions such as Batten disease.