126 Which products of the citric acid cycle are funneled into the electron transport chain? (give all answers) NAD 125 12 NADH FAD 000 00 FADH₂ ATP At what stage of metabolism is the most ATP created? digestion glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Which statements are true concerning electron transport? It takes place in the cytoplasm of all cells It takes place in the mitochandria H* ions from NADH and FADH₂ are forced into the inner membrane of the mitochandria H+ ions from the inner membrane of the mitochandria "escape" through a channel the energy of the H+ ions escaping through the channel is used to synthesize ADP What happens to hydrogens in glucose after complete aerobic oxidation but before electron transport? Obecome H₂0 become H₂

126 Which products of the citric acid cycle are funneled into the electron transport chain? (give all answers) NAD 125 12 NADH FAD 000 00 FADH₂ ATP At what stage of metabolism is the most ATP created? digestion glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Which statements are true concerning electron transport? It takes place in the cytoplasm of all cells It takes place in the mitochandria H* ions from NADH and FADH₂ are forced into the inner membrane of the mitochandria H+ ions from the inner membrane of the mitochandria "escape" through a channel the energy of the H+ ions escaping through the channel is used to synthesize ADP What happens to hydrogens in glucose after complete aerobic oxidation but before electron transport? Obecome H₂0 become H₂

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8P: Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in...

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Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?
What is the purpose of carnitine acyltransferase II? O formation of a fatty acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix after transport of a long chain acylcarnitine molecule from the cytosol O formation of an acylcarnitine molecule from an acyl-CoA molecule in the cytosol prior to transport across the mitochondrial membrane O transport of an acylcarnitine molecule from the inner membrane space to the mitochondrial matrix O emulsification of long chain fatty acids prior to uptake by intestinal epithelial cells
A number of genetic deficiencies in acyl CoA dehydrogenases have been described. This deficiency presents early in life after a period of fasting. Symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, and sometimes coma. Not only are blood levels of glucose low ( hypoglycemia), but starvation-induced ketosis is absent. Provide a biochemical explanation for these last two observations.
What is unique about how acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 is regulated compared to any enzyme in glycolysis? Some phospholipid species can be phosphorylated beyond the phosphate attached to the #3 carbon. Describe the likely structure of such a phospholipid. Would the mass / charge (m/z) ratio of this molecular increase or decrease upon modification? Mechanistically, how does NADPH facilitate the removal of an oxygen atom from intermediates in fatty acid synthesis? Will a phosphatidylcholine or a phosphatidylethanolamine have a larger mass / charge (m/z) ratio?
What would be expected to happen if the PFK-1 catalyzed reaction in glycolysis (step 3) were skipped? Disregard regulatory roles that step (3) plays on glycolysis.
Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
Provide an explanation for the intracellular separation offatty acid metabolic processes (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesisin cytoplasm and degradation in mitochondria andperoxisomes).
What citric acid cycle intermediate would be regenerated?
It has been shown recently that the African naked GLUT5-.O Fructose (b) mole-rat can withstand up to 18 min of complete anoxia (ab- sence of O2) in the presence of high levels of CO2 without ap- parent brain damage. The basis of its capacity to tolerate such unusual conditions is that the brain, heart, and liver in the mole- rat switch to fructose-driven glycolysis. In contrast to normal mice, these tissues in the naked mole-rat have high levels of GLUT5 specific for cellular uptake of fructose. The available pathways for breakdown of fruct ose for metabolic energy production are shown on the right. KHK stands for ketohexosekinase, an enzyme that is markedly upregulated in the mole-rat compared to normal mice. Conse- quently mice must metabolize fructose largely via hexokinase (HK). In the diagram ALDOB, ALDOA, etc. represent aldolase isozymes. KHK HK Fructose-6-P PFK Fructose-1-P Fructose-1,6-BP ALDOA ALDOC ALDOB ALDOC Glyceraldehyde DHAP GAЗP Glyc-3-P 3-PGA Lactate Pyruvate mouse…
Metabolizing a fatty acid via the B-oxidation pathway will generate acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH₂. Based on your biochemical knowledge, the major metabolic intermediate will enter cellular respiration in [Select] and the reduced coenzymes will enter cellular respiration in [Select] Could a mature red blood cell perform the ß-oxidation pathway? Yes, in their cytoplasm.
When regulating phosphofructokinase, why is there such extensive regulation of this reaction and enzymatic reactions, in general?
The citric acid cycle itself, which is composed of enzymatically catalyzed steps, can be thought of essentially as a supramolecular enzyme. Explain.