11. Treatment of disrupted erythrocyte membranes with a concentrated salt solution released an unknown membrane protein, X. Proteolytic enzymes cleaved X into fragments. In additional experiments, intact erythrocytes were treated with proteolytic enzymes, washed, then disrupted. Extraction of membrane components yielded intact X. What do these observations indicate about the location of X in the plasma membrane? Do the properties of X resemble those of an integral membrane protein or a peripheral membrane protein?
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- The following observations are made on an unknownmembrane protein, X. It can be extracted from disrupted erythrocyte membranes into aconcentrated salt solution, and it can be cleaved into fragments by proteolytic enzymes. Treatment of erythrocytes with proteolytic enzymes followed by disruption and extraction of membrane components yields intact X. However, treatment of erythrocyte “ghosts” (which consist of just plasma membranes, produced by disrupting the cells and washing outthe hemoglobin) with proteolytic enzymes, followed by disruption and extraction, yields extensively fragmented X. What do these observations indicate about the location of X in the plasma membrane? Do the properties of X resemble those of an integral or peripheral membrane protein?In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel used an apparatus like that described in Problem 1 to determine the surface area of a lipid monolayer formed bylipids extracted from erythrocytes of several animal species. They used a microscope to measure the dimensions of individual cells, from which they calculated the average surface area of one erythrocyte. They obtained the data shown in the table below. Were these investigators justified in concluding that “chromocytes [erythrocytes] are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick” (i.e., a lipid bilayer)?4) Two membrane preparations have been made from the plasma membrane of erythrocytes (i.e red blood cells) and are being maintained in an isotonic buffer solution: (1) right-side-out membrane vesicles, in which the exoplasmic leaflet of the vesicle faces the buffer (equivalent in orientation to that of the exoplasmic leaflet of the intact plasma membrane); and (2) inside-out membrane vesicles in which the exoplasmic leaflet faces the interior of the vesicles and the cytoplasmic leaflet faces the buffer. 80 a. Right-side-out vesicles (ROVS) Very Low Fluorescence Inside-out vesicles (IOVS) Very High Fluorescence A newly discovered phosphoglyceride, called phosphotidylalanine is currently being studied. Annexin V is a protein that binds to phosphatidylalanine, which is one of the phospholipids present in the cell membrane preparations described above. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V is mixed with each vesicle preparation. The vesicles are washed to remove unbound Annexin V and then…
- Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. Given that the chloride cells of salt water fish have the NKCC transporter on the basal (bottom) side of the epithelium, what do you predict regarding the NKCC transporter in chloride cells of freshwater fish? A. The transporter must move chloride in the opposite direction, also from the bottom side of the cell. B. The NKCC transporter, as localized in salt water fish, could also work in freshwater fish. C. The transporter must move chloride in the opposite direction, but from the apical (top) side of the cell. D. A transporter is not needed to move Cl- ions into cells from fresh water.Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and diffusion. Consider an endothelium in which the gaps between the cells are characterized by the following dimensions: L=1 µm long, h=200 nm high, and W=10 nm in width (the last dimension is the distance between the two cells). The fluid is at 37degC and has the same properties as physiologic saline. Let the average pressure in the capillary be 45 mm Hg and let the pressure in the tissue be 0 mm Hg (ignore osmotic effects). Consider a small solute that has a diffusion coefficient of 1x10-5 cm2/s. Does this solute pass across the endothelium by diffusion or is it primarily carried by flow?List 4 different actiated carrier molecules, for each one, list both the oxided and reduced forms
- [Choose ] hypertonic hypotonic isotonicIn covid-19 myocarditis happened, and endothelial cell is in charge of inhibiting the inflammation, what will happen to the endocardium? It will be affected?Describe the basic components of a plasma membrane and explain in detail the asymmetry that occurs in a red blood cell in terms of the membrane and the associated proteins.
- 1. why are vesicles protein-coated? 2. How are ER-resident proteins maintained? 3. Explain in DETAIL what is Exocytosis and Autophagic pathway.A patient of African American decent came in due to vasooclusive symptoms, you suspect a condition that causes polymerization of the mutant hemoglobin upon deoxygenation in the tissues. a. What conditions can facilitate polymerization? b. Explain the effects of metabolic acidosis to facilitate polymerization?In the diagram below, which situation is when the red blood cell is exposed to hypertonic solution? What is happening to the red blood cells in that situation? (a) (b) (c) O c: hemolysis O c; crenation a; hemolysis O a; crenation