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Modern Culture : The Japanese Manga ' A Sub Culture Based Around Graphic Novels

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In Japanese modern culture, patriarchal constructs rule everyday ideology of what it is to be feminine, how the female body should look, and appropriate female sexual behaviour. Representations (and expectations) of the female form and sexuality are well depicted in the Japanese manga: graphic novel artwork that is read ubiquitously throughout Japan. Exploration of this art-form and the culture that grows around it provides a unique insight into current cultural attitudes in Japan. Shojo manga - a sub-culture based around graphic novels for females – explores fluid and expressive forms of non-traditional female sexuality that challenge patriarchal expectations of female behaviour, body-image and sexuality. Shojo manga, its authors and readers create a fantasy world that celebrates empowerment of the female body and diverse forms of female sexuality. A unique subcategory of shojo manga known as ‘boy-love’ illustrates gender fluidity, gender transformation and female sexuality in a way that allows readers to explore sexuality outside of gendered body norms. However, the shojo manga culture is still restricted by modern Japanese patriarchal constructs of what it is to be feminine – which is evident in the hyper-feminine drawings of adolescent female bodies in shojo manga text, and mimicked in life by shojo manga fashion and the plastic surgery culture. The shojo manga culture empowers the hyper-sexualised female form and re-defines females sexuality outside the realms of

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