Which of the following best describes superantigens?O Superantigens are a class of antibodies that act as antigens presented by MHCII of antigen-presenting cells to overstimulate almost 30% of the T cells of the immune system, which overexpressproinflammatory cytokines leading to immunopathology that can result in multiple organ failures.O Superantigens are a class of antigens that can overstimulate almost 30% of the T cells of the immunesystem, which overexpress proinflammatory cytokines leading to immunopathology that can result inmultiple organ failures.O Superantigens are a class of antigens that can overstimulate the B cells to produce a large number ofnon-specific antibodies that attack cells in our body leading to immunopathology and multiple organfailure.O Superantigens are a class of antigens that can overstimulate almost 30% of the B cells of theimmune system, which overexpress proinflammatory cytokines leading to immunopathology that canresult in multiple organ failures.

Which of the following best describes superantigens? Brief explain each options why true or…

Answered: Which of the following best describes…

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TYK

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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) causes lifelong infection with potential for multiple reactivation events. Which of the following explain why the virus can cause repeat episodes of disease with reactivation in the presence of a secondary immune response? O HSV-1 requires a state of immunosuppression of HSV 1 specific memory cells to allow for reactivation O HSV-1 lacks PAMPS to be recognized by lymphocytes HSV-1 produces protein A that will inhibit IgA activity in the saliva HSV-1 interferes with IL-2 secretion HSV-1 disables MHC I and interferon alpha to suppress immune recognition
The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acids
From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer %3D immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... The H spike head. O H spike neck N spike O Viral envelope
Generally, polysaccharides are not good antigens, because B cells that recognize them cannot get T-cell help. But for some pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae opsonization by antibodies that bind the thick polysaccharide "capsule" layer surrounding the bacteria is the major mechanism of clearing the infection. As expected, a pure polysaccharide vaccine is not terribly effective, but much better immunity is achieved by vaccinating with a polysaccharide covalently linked "conjugated" to an unrelated protein. Explain how this conjugate vaccine allows B cells capable of making anti-polysaccharide antibodies.
What scenario best describes an autoimmune reaction? Group of answer choices The destruction of donated red blood cells by the recipient’s immune system The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes antigen resulting in cross-reaction against an antigen found on heart valves The activation of Mast cells by pollen The production of antibodies against Streptococcus pyogenes resulting in the deposit of antigen-antibodies in the kidney leading to glomerulonephritis
Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like receptors have the advantage of recognizing viruses by interacting with their spike proteins TLR signaling includes NF-kB pathways to induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines TLR binds to dsDNA or ssRNA to induce interferon gene expression PRR induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have local and systemic effects PRR induces innate immunity; phagocytosis, inflammation, type I interferon production, and regulate adaptive immunity; DC maturation, costimulatory molecules, type I interferon
Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to immunoglobulin constant region domains with high affinity. These microbial proteins provide a benefit to the microorganism by: Preventing antibodies bound to the microbe from binding to Fc receptors on phagocytes Blocking the binding of anti-microbial antibodies to the pathogen surface Cleaving the antibody into fragments that separate the antigen-binding region from the effector function Inducing aggregation of the anti-microbial antibodies by multivalent binding to the pathogen-derived protein Preventing the antibody from neutralizing the pathogen
that causes the rapid reproduction of a specific ( Select] [ Select ] Antigenic cell B cell I cell Macrophage Eosinophil Vaccines work by stimulating a(n) [Select ] that produces an antibody that is specific for the antigen in the vaccine. This creates a pool of memory cells that will be available if the person is ever infect nicrobe.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Gram negative bacteria? a- Their cell wall is composed of a large proportion of sugars b- Their cell wall does not absorb the Gram stain and turns pink c- Their cell wall is composed of a small proportion of peptidoglycan d- Two of the above statements are true Which T-lymphocytes activate the B-cell response? 1- suppressor T-cells. 2- cytotoxic T-cells. 3- helper T-cells. 4- memory T-cells. Substances that are injected containing an antigen to stimulate the immune system to respond are called a- antibodies b- medications. c- vaccines d- antibiotics
Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. PAMPs recognize pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLRs, NLRs and RLRs present on/in host cells TLRs that are expressed on cell surface are mostly recognized by viruses, whereas intracellular TLRs are recognized by bacteria PRRs can induce inflammatory response, opsonization and phagocytosis Pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules such as CpG DNA, cytosolic dsDNA and RNAs made by the host cell
Serum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.
Which of the following best describes the function of IgA antibodies? O Allergy response O Defense against pathogens at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing them and preventing their attachment to host cells Activation of complement system to destroy bacteria and viruses Killing infected cells by recognizing and attacking their surface antigens Which of the following statements about cytotoxic T cells and MHC is true? O Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of all cells in the body. O MHC class I molecules are only found on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages and not on cytotoxic T cells O MHC class Il molecules are only found on infected cells, which present antigens to cytotoxic T cells. O Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules on the surface of all cells in the body.

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