The task is about how signals propagate from one nerve cell to another, and consists of three sub-questions. Describe what happens in the nerve terminal when an action potential reaches there. Describe what happens in the target cell if the incoming signal is excitatory. Describe which neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in the various switches (synapses) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system.
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The task is about how signals propagate from one nerve cell to another, and consists of three sub-questions.
- Describe what happens in the nerve terminal when an action potential reaches there.
- Describe what happens in the target cell if the incoming signal is excitatory.
- Describe which neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in the various switches (synapses) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system.
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- Identify a neurotransmitter and describe the physiologic consequences associated either with an acute or chronic deficit or excess of the neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Demonstrate your understanding of the material presented in Chapters 12-16 by correctly defining and using at least 4 physiological terms related to the functional organization of the nervous system of humans. Do not present material that you have already presented in the discussion board. Written Assignment must be 3-4 pages, not including title or reference pages. The paper should include 1-2 strong arguments supported by at least 2 sources. Please make sure your assignment is double-spaced using Times New Roman, 12-point font, and 1” margins. Be sure to cite any references in APA FormatClassify the following characteristics to demonstrate your knowledge of differences between the autonomic and somatic divisions of the nervous system. Neurons release acetylcholine that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on the effector organs Can lead to excitation or inhibition of the Neurons are also called motor neurons effectors Receptors on effector organs are also responsive to epinephrine that is released into the blood by the adrenal medulla Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and Gl neurons Neurons release norepinephrine that binds to adrenergic receptors located on the effector organs Has two-neuron chain between the CNS Single neuron between the CNS and effectors Neurons release acetylcholine that binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors located on the effector organs and effectors Can lead only to excitation of the effectors Activates skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous SystemOrder the following events that occur during a nerve impulse. a few milliseconds behind the Na channels, K channels open and allow K into the cell (-70 mV) Na voltage-gated channel opens and Na leaves the cell (-55 mV) some stimulus is detected (-70 mV) more Na outside the cell causes other nearby Na channels to open (+35 mV) the cell rebalances the Na and K ions in preparation for the next impulse (~3-4ms)
- A nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated. This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness: Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction. Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate. Disease…Fentanyl is an opioid similar to morphine, except, according to the CDC, it is up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. Discuss the effects of fentanyl on specific receptors and how the transmission of action potentials is altered. Be sure to focus only on how the action potential transmission is impacted by the drug. Be sure to provide an APA citation.Organize the following steps into the correct signal transmission across a synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft 2. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors 3. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules 4. Impulse reaches the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron
- Identify the inhibitory neurotransmitter which opens chloride ion channels. gamma amino butyric acid acetylcholine tubocurarine strychnine glutamate Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channelsDescribe the events that occur during action potential ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Explanation of how resting membrane potential works and which ions inside/outside Expiation of how depolarisation membrane occurs and which ions move in/how they move in . Explanation of "threshold" . Explanation of depolarisation and which ions move out and how they move out. Explanation of hyperpoarisation and how it is corrected. ( state membrane potential in mv during each stage )There are a broad range of anti-epileptic medications currently on the market, with different therapies prescribed for different types and severities of the condition. Given what you have learned about synaptic transmission, which of the following could be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the spreading of neuronal excitation? (3 correct answers, select all that apply) O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to glutamate-releasing neurons. O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to GABA-releasing neurons. O A glutamate receptor blocker (antagonist). O A GABA receptor antagonist. O A glutamate reuptake inhibitor. O A GABA reuptake inhibitor.
- Discuss a situation where the nervous system is functionally influencing the work system. (Give 5 situation and explain it)READ: They key to large-scale communication in the entire nervous system is the ability to pass nerve impulses on a small scale from one neuron to the next so that signals can be transmitted throughout the entire body. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, and is the critical space that mediates the transfer of a signal from the presynaptic neuron (the sender) to the postsynaptic neuron (the receiver) or even an effector cell (like a gland or muscle cell.) You circled a synapse in Model 1. Synapses can be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses transmit electrical signals via gap junctions. A channel protein connects the cytoplasm of two adjacent neurons so that ions can flow directly from one cell to another to pass on the signal. However, the most common type of synapse is a chemical synapse. These utilize chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, to transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft. This is a slower process, but allows for much greater precision…A drug belonging to the class of monoamine oxidase inhibitors has the following function: Group of answer options Increases the permeability of calcium Increases the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft Increases the level of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft Increases the breakdown of norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft