Chemistry
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781259911156
Author: Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9.5, Problem 3RCF
Identify the electrostatic potential maps shown here with HCl and LiH. In both diagrams, the H atom is on the left.
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Read the following statements. Which ones are correct? Be sure to explain how you know.
BF3 and PFs are examples of exceptions to the octet rule.
II. BF,¯ and BFg-NH3 are examples of violations of the octet rule.
III. Expanded valence shells occur most often when the central atom is bonded to a small, electronegative element.
IV. The central atoms most capable of having expanded valence shells come from rows 3, 4, and 5 of the periodic table.
Decide whether the indicated atom obeys the octet rule. Select all that apply.
F in F2
B in BCl3
Cl in ClF2−
S in SF6
None of the above.
A resonance hybrid is a structure that can be depicted by more than one valid Lewis structure.
part1: Draw the major resonance form of fulminic acid, HCNO, with the atoms connected as indicated in the formula. Your structure should have nonzero formal charges minimized, and it should include all nonzero formal charges and all nonbonding electrons.
part2: Draw the second most important resonance form of fulminic acid, HCNO, with the atoms connected as indicated in the formula. Your structure should have nonzero formal charges minimized, and it should include all nonzero formal charges and all nonbonding electrons.
part3: Draw the least important resonance contributor for fulminic acid, HCNO, with the atoms connected as indicated in the formula. Your structure should have nonzero formal charges minimized and should include all nonzero formal charges and all nonbonding electrons.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry
Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1RCFCh. 9.1 - Using only the periodic table, determine the Lewis...Ch. 9.1 - To what group on the periodic table does element X...Ch. 9.2 - Use Lewis dot symbols to represent the formation...Ch. 9.2 - Use Lewis dot symbols to represent the formation...Ch. 9.3 - Which of the following compounds has a larger...Ch. 9.3 - Arrange the compounds NaF, MgO, and AIN in order...Ch. 9.4 - Why is it not possible for hydrogen to form double...Ch. 9.4 - Arrange the bonds NN, NN, and NN in order of...Ch. 9.5 - Which of the following bonds is covalent, which is...
Ch. 9.5 - Rank the bonds BH, CCl, and PP in order of...Ch. 9.5 - Classify the following bonds as covalent, polar...Ch. 9.5 - Identify the electrostatic potential maps shown...Ch. 9.6 - Write the Lewis structure for carbon disulfide...Ch. 9.6 - Write the Lewis structure for formic acid (HCOOH).Ch. 9.6 - Write the Lewis structure for the nitrite ion...Ch. 9.6 - Write the Lewis structure for PCl3.Ch. 9.6 - Write the Lewis structure for CN.Ch. 9.6 - The molecular model shown here represents guanine,...Ch. 9.7 - Write formal charges for the nitrite ion (NO2).Ch. 9.7 - Draw the most reasonable Lewis structure of a...Ch. 9.7 - Write the formal charges on H, C, and N,...Ch. 9.7 - Write the formal charges on O and Cl,...Ch. 9.7 - Consider three possible atomic arrangements for...Ch. 9.8 - Draw three resonance structures for the...Ch. 9.8 - Draw three resonance structures for SO2.Ch. 9.8 - The molecular model shown here represents...Ch. 9.9 - Prob. 9PECh. 9.9 - Prob. 10PECh. 9.9 - Prob. 11PECh. 9.9 - Write the Lewis structure of sulfur tetrafluoride...Ch. 9.9 - Both boron and aluminum tend to form compounds in...Ch. 9.9 - Draw a Lewis structure for IF5.Ch. 9.9 - Prob. 3RCFCh. 9.10 - Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction...Ch. 9.10 - For the reaction H2(g)+C2H4(g)C2H6(g) (a) Estimate...Ch. 9.10 - Why does Hrxn calculated using bond enthalpies not...Ch. 9.10 - Using bond enthalpy values, predict the enthalpy...Ch. 9 - What is a Lewis dot symbol? To what elements does...Ch. 9 - Use the second member of each group from Group 1A...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.3QPCh. 9 - Write Lewis dot symbols for the following ions:...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis dot symbols for the following atoms...Ch. 9 - Explain what an ionic bond is.Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.7QPCh. 9 - Name five metals and five nonmetals that are very...Ch. 9 - Name one ionic compound that contains only...Ch. 9 - Name one ionic compound that contains a polyatomic...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.11QPCh. 9 - In which of the following states would NaCl be...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.14QPCh. 9 - An ionic bond is formed between a cation A+ and an...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.16QPCh. 9 - Use Lewis dot symbols to show the transfer of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.18QPCh. 9 - For each of the following pairs of elements, state...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.20QPCh. 9 - What is lattice energy and what role does it play...Ch. 9 - Explain how the lattice energy of an ionic...Ch. 9 - Specify which compound in the following pairs of...Ch. 9 - Compare the stability (in the solid state) of the...Ch. 9 - Use the Born-Haber cycle outlined in Section 9.3...Ch. 9 - Calculate the lattice energy of calcium chloride...Ch. 9 - What is Lewiss contribution to our understanding...Ch. 9 - Use an example to illustrate each of the following...Ch. 9 - What is the difference between a Lewis dot symbol...Ch. 9 - How many lone pairs are on the underlined atoms in...Ch. 9 - Compare single, double, and triple bonds in a...Ch. 9 - Compare the properties of ionic compounds and...Ch. 9 - Define electronegativity, and explain the...Ch. 9 - List the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - Four atoms are arbitrarily labeled D, E, F, and G....Ch. 9 - List the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar...Ch. 9 - Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar...Ch. 9 - Summarize the essential features of the Lewis...Ch. 9 - The octet rule applies mainly to the second-period...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following molecules...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following molecules...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following...Ch. 9 - The following Lewis structures for (a) HCN, (b)...Ch. 9 - The skeletal structure of acetic acid shown here...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.49QPCh. 9 - Do formal charges represent actual separation of...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following ions: (a)...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following ions: (a)...Ch. 9 - Define bond length, resonance, and resonance...Ch. 9 - Is it possible to trap a resonance structure of a...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following species,...Ch. 9 - Draw three resonance structures for the chlorate...Ch. 9 - Write three resonance structures for hydrazoic...Ch. 9 - Draw two resonance structures for diazomethane,...Ch. 9 - Draw three resonance structures for the molecule...Ch. 9 - Draw three reasonable resonance structures for the...Ch. 9 - Why does the octet rule not hold for many...Ch. 9 - Give three examples of compounds that do not...Ch. 9 - Because fluorine has seven valence electrons...Ch. 9 - What is a coordinate covalent bond? Is it...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.65QPCh. 9 - In the vapor phase, beryllium chloride consists of...Ch. 9 - Of the noble gases, only Kr, Xe, and Rn are known...Ch. 9 - Write a Lewis structure for SbCl5. Does this...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.69QPCh. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the reaction...Ch. 9 - What is bond enthalpy? Bond enthalpies of...Ch. 9 - Explain why the bond enthalpy of a molecule is...Ch. 9 - From the following data, calculate the average...Ch. 9 - For the reaction O(g)+O2(g)O3(g)H=107.2kJ/mol...Ch. 9 - The bond enthalpy of F2(g) is 156.9 kJ/mol....Ch. 9 - For the reaction 2C2H6(g)+7O2(g)4CO2(g)+6H2O(g)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.77QPCh. 9 - Which of the following are ionic compounds? Which...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.79QPCh. 9 - Use ionization energy (see Table 8.2) and electron...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.82QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.83QPCh. 9 - Write three reasonable resonance structures for...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.85QPCh. 9 - Give an example of an ion or molecule containing...Ch. 9 - Draw four reasonable resonance structures for the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.88QPCh. 9 - Draw reasonable resonance structures for the...Ch. 9 - Are the following statements true or false? (a)...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.91QPCh. 9 - Using the following information and the fact that...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.93QPCh. 9 - Which of the following molecules has the shortest...Ch. 9 - Most organic acids can be represented as RCOOH,...Ch. 9 - Which of the following species are isoelectronic:...Ch. 9 - The following species have been detected in...Ch. 9 - The amide ion, NH2, is a Brnsted base. Represent...Ch. 9 - Draw Lewis structures for the following organic...Ch. 9 - The triiodide ion (I3) in which the I atoms are...Ch. 9 - Compare the bond enthalpy of F2 with the energy...Ch. 9 - Methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO) is used to make certain...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.103QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.104QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.105QPCh. 9 - Draw Lewis structures for the following...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.107QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.108QPCh. 9 - Draw Lewis structures for the following organic...Ch. 9 - Write Lewis structures for the following four...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.111QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.112QPCh. 9 - Write three resonance structures for (a) the...Ch. 9 - (a) From the following data calculate the bond...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.115QPCh. 9 - What are the other two reasons for choosing (b) in...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.117QPCh. 9 - The NO bond distance in nitric oxide is 115 pm,...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.119QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.120QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.121QPCh. 9 - Prob. 9.122QPCh. 9 - Draw a Lewis structure for nitrogen pentoxide...Ch. 9 - In the gas phase, aluminum chloride exists as a...Ch. 9 - The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays an important role...Ch. 9 - Experiments show that it takes 1656 kJ/mol to...Ch. 9 - Calculate Hrxn at 25C of the reaction between...Ch. 9 - Calculate Hrxn at 25C of the reaction between...Ch. 9 - Draw three resonance structures of sulfur dioxide...Ch. 9 - Vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) differs from ethylene...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.131QPCh. 9 - The American chemist Robert S. Mulliken suggested...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.133QPCh. 9 - A student in your class claims that magnesium...Ch. 9 - Shown here is a skeletal structure of borazine...Ch. 9 - Calculate the wavelength of light needed to carry...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.137QPCh. 9 - From the lattice energy of KCl in Table 9.1 and...Ch. 9 - The species H3+ is the simplest polyatomic ion....Ch. 9 - The bond enthalpy of the CN bond in the amide...Ch. 9 - In 1999 an unusual cation containing only nitrogen...Ch. 9 - Nitroglycerin, one of the most commonly used...Ch. 9 - Give a brief description of the medical uses of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.144QPCh. 9 - The isolated O2 ion is unstable so it is not...Ch. 9 - When irradiated with light of wavelength 471.7 nm,...Ch. 9 - Recall from Chapter 8 that the product of the...Ch. 9 - The reaction between fluorine (F2) with ethane...Ch. 9 - A new allotrope of oxygen, O4, has been reported....Ch. 9 - Because bond formation is exothermic, when two...Ch. 9 - Estimate Hf for sodium astatide (NaAt) according...
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- 3) The molecule diphosphorus tetraoxide (P,O,) has two central atoms and four different resonance structures that do not violate the octet rule. Draw two of these resonance structures below. 4) The compound acetone is a common solvent. It has a chemical formula of CH,COCH, Acetone has three central atoms. (a) Draw the Lewis Dot structure for acetone. (b) Give the Ideal Bond Angle for all three central atoms. 5) Four covalent molecules are drawn below. :o: H. H-CH H H (1) (2) (3) (4) a) Define each of these molecules as polar or non-polar. (1) (2) (3) b) Describe the type of intermolecular force that each molecule would use: (1) (2) (3) (4)arrow_forwardA resonance hybrid is a structure that can be depicted by more than one valid Lewis structure. part1: Draw the major resonance form of fulminic acid, HCNO, with the atoms connected as indicated in the formula. Your structure should have nonzero formal charges minimized, and it should include all nonzero formal charges and all nonbonding electrons. part2: Draw the second most important resonance form of fulminic acid, HCNO, with the atoms connected as indicated in the formula. Your structure should have nonzero formal charges minimized, and it should include all nonzero formal charges and all nonbonding electrons.arrow_forwardRead the following statements. Which ones are correct? Be sure to explain how you know. I. BF3 and PF5 are examples of exceptions to the octet rule. II. BF4¯ and BF3-NH3 are examples of violations of the octet rule. III. Expanded valence shells occur most often when the central atom is bonded to a small, electronegative element. IV. The central atoms most capable of having expanded valence shells come from rows 3, 4, and 5 of the periodic table.arrow_forward
- Draw the Lewis structures for all seven diatomic elements (H2, N2, O2,F2, Cl2,Br2, I2) . Even though Br and I are not in the first 3 periods it is useful to consider them here.arrow_forwardThe Lewis representation above depicts a reaction between a halogen (blue) and a main-group element from group| (red). In this representation, each Y atom needs | electron(s) to complete its octet, and gains these electrons by forming bond(s) with atoms of X. There are unshared electron pair(s) and bonding electron pair(s) in the product molecule. The bonds in the product arearrow_forwarda) Below is a lewis structure of CSO. Draw two resonance structures of this molecule. Assign any formal charges if necessary. b) Now look at your structures. Do they represent equivalent or nonequivalent resonance structures of the original? Why or why not? c) Of all three structures, which contributes the most to the overall resonance hybrid and why? Rank the other two in terms of their contributionarrow_forward
- What are the group numbers and the generic outer electron configurations for a neutral atom with the given Lewis symbols? Select the group number. Select the generic outer electron configuration. O 1A (1) O 2A (2) O ns²np' O ns²np² О ЗА (13) O 4A (14) O ns²np³ O ns np* O ns²np® O 5A (15) О 6А (16) Ons²np³ 2. .2 O 7A (17) O 8A (18)arrow_forwardDraw three resonance structures for CS,. This species has its three atoms bonded sequentially in the following fashion: S-C-S. Draw your resonance structures so that the atoms in them are bonded together in this order. Select the most important resonance structure for this species based on the formal charges on the atoms of the three resonance structures you have drawn. Select the choices from below which make the statements true about this (most important) resonance structure. (a) The leftmost bond (between S and C) is a single v bond. (b) The rightmost bond (between C and S) is a single v bond. (c) The formal charge on the leftmost (S) atom is -Select-v (d) The formal charge on the central (C) atom is -Select---v (e) The formal charge on the rightmost (S) atom is Select-v (f) The number of nonbonding pairs (lone pairs) of electrons in the leftmost (S) atom is Select-v pairs. (g) The number of nonbonding (lone) pairs of electrons in the rightmost (S) atom is -Select-- v pairs.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is/are true about the Lewis bond theory? (a) It explains the stability of the molecule. (b) It explains why one covalent bond might differ from another. (c) It ignores the energy changes in chemical bond formation. (d) It treats all covalent bond in the same manner. a and b O b and c O c and d a and darrow_forward
- The best Lewis structure for sulfate is shown here. There are several other equivalent resonance forms of this Lewis structure. Choose from the following all the correct details of sulfate.arrow_forwardExplain lectronegativity and Bond Polarity?arrow_forwardWith regard to resonance structures that are drawn for a real species, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? Select one: O A. Resonance structures are not real; they are only drawn structures. O B. The real species rapidly oscillates between the resonance structures, O C. Resonance structures differ in the location of their electrons, not the positions of their atoms. O D. Resonance structures all have electron localized structures, while the real species that is described by them has delocalized electrons..arrow_forward
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