Biology: How Life Works
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319017637
Author: James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Melissa Michael, Robert Lue, Andrew Berry, Andrew Biewener, Brian Farrell, N. Michele Holbrook
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
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Chapter 9.2, Problem 4SAQ
Summary Introduction
Cell to cell communication takes place by sending as well as receiving chemical signals. Four players are involved in the communication between the two cells. They are signaling cell, a signaling molecule, a receptor plus the cell that responds.
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Describe one way in which endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and contact-dependent signaling pathways are similar to one another and one way in which they are different from one another.
How are autocrine and paracrine signaling different?
Which of the following statements is true?
Question 2 options:
a)
All cells will respond to the hormonal signal because hormones are broadcast throughout the body.
b)
The regulation of inflammatory responses at the site of an infection is an example of paracrine signaling.
c)
Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of stimuli into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the organism.
d)
The axons of neurons typically signal target cells using membrane-bound signaling molecules that act on receptors in the target cells.
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- What is PNS in the nervous system and how does it contribute to coordination in neural signaling?arrow_forwardSelect any of the regulator mechanisms that would amplify cAMP signaling. A) Cell produces more adenylyl cyclase B) Cell produces more phosphodiesterase C) A drug inhibits phosphodiesterase D) A drug inhibits phospholipasearrow_forwardWhat do steroid hormone signaling and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling have in common? Their pathways involve G-proteins that are activated by GDP-GTP exchange. They both result in gene transcription. They both use the second messenger cAMP. The receptors are both enzymes.arrow_forward
- Name and explain 5 modes of hormonal/neuroendocrine and neuronal signaling. Choose one and describe in a great detail listing cells, receptors, organs, and pathway.arrow_forwardBriefly explain how integrin inside-out and outside-in signaling is different structurally and functionally? (hint: explain what happened to ligand binding and conformation)arrow_forwardWhat is paracrine signalling?arrow_forward
- The secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many different signaling pathways, including the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Which of the following describes an advantage of using cAMP as a secondary messenger in cell signaling? It conserves energy because cAMP can be converted to ATP. It increases signaling specificity because protein kinase A, the direct effector of cAMP, has few substrates. It prolongs the signal because cAMP is chemically stable and persists for a long time after ligand dissociation. It amplifies the signal because one molecule of activated adenylyl cyclase can produce many molecules of cAMP.arrow_forwardWhat key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?arrow_forwardWhy can acetylcholine (or other signaling molecules) have so many different effects?arrow_forward
- Which Membrane receptors are important in hormonal signalling ?arrow_forwardWhat kind of genes are downstream of ER signalling and what is their function?arrow_forwardCreate a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action of g protein coupled land possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway.arrow_forward
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Intro to Cell Signaling; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dbRterutHY;License: Standard youtube license