Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The Lewis structure for
Concept introduction:
Octet rule: Every element in the main group should have eight electrons in its valence shell in order to attain a noble gas configuration.
Valence electrons are those electrons thatoccupy the last shell of an element.
The octet rule is violated by odd-electron species.
In Lewis dot
In Lewis dot symbol, valence electrons are represented by dots.
Dots are placed above and below as well as to the left and right of symbol.
Number of dots is important in Lewis dot symbol but not the order in which the dots are placed around the symbol.
In writing symbol pairing is not done until absolutely necessary.
For metals, the number of dots represents the number of electrons that are lost when the atom forms a cation.
For second period nonmetals, the number of unpaired dots is the number of bonds the atom can form.
Atomic ions can also be represented by dot symbols, by simply adding (for anions) and subtracting (for cations) the appropriate number of dots from Lewis dot symbol.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry
- In which of the following molecules does the sulfur have an expanded octet? For those that do, write the Lewis structure. (a) SO2 (b) SF4 (c) SO2Cl2 (d) SF6arrow_forwardConsider the pyrosulfate ion, S2O72-. It has no sulfur–sulfur nor oxygen–oxygen bonds. (a) Write a Lewis structure for the pyrosulfate ion using only single bonds. (b) What is the formal charge on the sulfur atoms for the Lewis structure you drew in part (a)? (c) Write another Lewis structure using six bonds and two O—S bonds. (d) What is the formal charge on each atom for the structure you drew in part (c)?arrow_forwardWrite all resonance structures of chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, a molecule with the same cyclic structure as benzene. In all structures, keep the CCl bond as a single bond. Which resonance structures are the most important?arrow_forward
- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardKeeping in mind that some elements violate the octet rule, draw a Lewis structure for each compound: (a) BeH 2; (b) PCl 5.arrow_forwardAcetyl chloride, CH₃C(O)Cl, is used as a reagent for the acylation of salicylic acid in the synthesis of aspirin. Draw the Lewis structure of CH₃C(O)Cl (with minimized formal charges) and then determine if the molecule is polar or nonpolar. +arrow_forward
- Sulfuric acid is the industrial chemical produced in greatest quantity worldwide. About 90 billion pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Write the Lewis structure for sulfuric acid, H2SO4, which has twooxygen atoms and two OH groups bonded to the sulfur.arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure for the N H 4 + ion.arrow_forwardDetermine the number of valence electrons in SiF₄ and then draw the corresponding Lewis structure.arrow_forward
- Draw the Lewis structure for the xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) molecule. Ċ ċ X A 0arrow_forwardThe standard state of phosphorus at 25 °C is P4. This molecule has four equivalent P atoms, no double or triple bonds, and no expanded octets. Draw its Lewis structure.arrow_forwardWhat possible error(s) exist in the Lewis structure (assume we are trying to represent the best possible Lewis structure for the NO₂S ion knowing N is the central atom in this polyatomic ion)? [:ö==S: N= CO :O: The best structure would have double bond and two lone pairs on each oxygen atom and a single bond with three lone pairs on the sulfur. There are no errors. This is the best possible structure. The Lewis structure above does not minimize formal charges, thus is the not the best possible structure. The nitrogen atom has an expanded octet, and this structure is impossible. The Lewis structure contains the wrong number of electrons, thus this structure is impossible.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningLiving By Chemistry: First Edition TextbookChemistryISBN:9781559539418Author:Angelica StacyPublisher:MAC HIGHERGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning