Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 37.2, Problem 1CSC
If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that enter mucous membranes or a wound, how did infection kill Jim Henson and destroy Aimee Copeland’s tissues? Both S pyogenes and deadly strains of A. hydrophila are surrounded by polysaccharide capsules that phagocytic cells often do not recognize as foreign. Consequently, the phagocytes do not attack these bacteria. If such nonspecific defenses fail, can the adaptive immune response step in?
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The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses?
C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure.
Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure.
C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface.
C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue.
C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.
Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens that have adapted to life inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. These intracellular bacteria are taken up by phagocytosis, similar to other pathogens, but the bacteria are not killed. One possible mechanism that could account for this immune evasion by mycobacteria is their ability to:
Prevent induction of nitric oxide production in the phagosome
Prevent the acidification of phagosomes
Prevent the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the phagosome
Prevent fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes
Kill the macrophage before it kills them
Chapter 37 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 37.1 - compare and contrast the terms microbe and...Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.2 - If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that...Ch. 37.2 - describe the external barriers to Infection,...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.2 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 2CYL
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.7 - explain how antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and...Ch. 37.7 - Prob. 1ETCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.7 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.8 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.8 - What might be the evolutionary advantage of...Ch. 37.9 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 37.9 - Prob. 1CTCh. 37.9 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.9 - describe current medical treatments against...Ch. 37 - Why is it essential that antibodies and T-cell...Ch. 37 - External defenses against microbial invasion...Ch. 37 - Prob. 1MCCh. 37 - Prob. 1RQCh. 37 - Prob. 2ACCh. 37 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 2MCCh. 37 - Prob. 2RQCh. 37 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 37 - Molecules that label your cells as self are a....Ch. 37 - Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated...Ch. 37 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 4MCCh. 37 - Prob. 4RQCh. 37 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 37 - The immune system usually does not attack your...Ch. 37 - Prob. 5RQCh. 37 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 6RQCh. 37 - What are memory cells? How do they contribute to...Ch. 37 - Prob. 8RQCh. 37 - Prob. 9RQCh. 37 - Prob. 10RQCh. 37 - Prob. 11RQ
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- In Lubeck, Germany, in 1930, a group of 251 infants was accidentally administered a tainted vaccine for tuberculosis that contained live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine was administered orally, directly exposing the infants to the deadly bacterium. Many of these infants contracted tuberculosis, and some died. However, 44 of the infants never contracted tuberculosis. Based on your knowledge of the innate immune system, what innate defenses might have inhibited M. tuberculosis enough to prevent these infants from contracting the disease?arrow_forwardSome primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forwardOpsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forward
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