Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The geometry of
Concept introduction:
Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
(b)
Interpretation:
The bond angle
Concept introduction:
Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.
Geometry of a molecule can be predicted by knowing its hybridization.
(c)
Interpretation:
The chirality of this molecule has to be checked and also the chiral carbon atom has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
A chiral carbon is the carbon atom which is substituted to four different groups. Due to presence of chiral carbon a molecule become chiral and it gives optical isomers also that is
All the substituents are different hence is is a chiral carbon and so molecule.
(d)
Interpretation: The most acidic hydrogen atom in the given compound has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Any chemical substance can be classified as an acid or base by using Lewis acid base theory. Further, the acidic and basic nature of the substance can be analyzed through the ability of molecules to accept and donate electrons.
According to Lewis acid -base theory,
An acid is a substance that accepts a pair of electrons.
A base is a substance that donates a pair of electrons
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Chapter 23 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- Answer ALL parts of this question. Benzoic acid can be converted to the two products (A and B) shown in Figure Q24a. Draw the structures of A and B and name both compounds. (a) (b) (c) Benzoic acid OH F C LiAlH then HCI (aq.) CH₂CH₂OH, HCI OH Figure Q24a Describe, in words, the type of chemistry involved in converting benzoic acid to the two products (A and B) shown in Figure Q24a. Drawings of curly arrow mechanisms are not required. Explain why compound C is more acidic than compound D (see Figure Q24c). A Figure Q24c B D OHarrow_forwardWhich statements are true about constitutional isomers? (a) They have the same molecular formula. (b) They have the same molecular weight. (c) They have the same order of attachment of atoms. (d) They have the same physical propertiesarrow_forwardThere are four isomers with the molecular formula C4H9Cl. Only one of these isomers (compound A) has a chiral center. When compound A is treated with sodium ethoxide, three products are formed: compounds B, C, and D. Compounds B and C are diastereomers, with compound B being the less stable diastereomer. Provide structures for compounds A, B, C, and D. Do you expect compound D to exhibit a signal at approximately 1650 cm−1 in its IR spectrum? Explain.arrow_forward
- Four stereoisomers exist for 3-penten-2-ol. (a) Explain how these four stereoisomers arise. (b) Draw the stereoisomer having the E configuration about the carbon-carbon double bond and the R configuration at the chiral center.arrow_forwardFor each of the following compounds,determine whether each is optically active. For optically active compounds, identify the chiral carbon: ethane, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, CH3CH(NH2)COOH, CH3CH2CHClCH3and CH3CH2CH2CH3. And for non-optical active compounds, just provide the structure of the compoundarrow_forwardWrite the name of the following compounds. Which of them are stereoisomers? Which of them are optically active? Use cis-trans, (E)(Z) nomenclature and assign the absolute configuration (R),(S), if any to each chiral center.arrow_forward
- How many chiral centers are present in this molecule? (a) (b) two (c) (d) one three none Angearrow_forwardIdentify which of the statements is/are correct. (i) The molecular formula of the smallest aldehyde is C3H6O, and that of the smallest ketone is also C3H6O. (j) The molecular formula of the smallest carboxylic acid is C2H4O2.arrow_forwardDraw structural formulas for the following the compounds: (a) Cis-1,3-diphenylcyclohexane (b) 5-phenylpentanoic acid (c) 3,4-dibromo-N,N-dimethylanilinearrow_forward
- 4. (a) Draw all possible isomers of C4H3CI2. (b) Indicate which pairs of compounds are enantiomers of one another. (c) Indicate which pairs of compounds are diastereomers of one another. (d) Indicate which compounds would have optical rotations of 0°. (e) Assign R and S configurations to all chirality centers of the compounds in part (a).arrow_forward(4) Write the structure of the following compounds from their IUPAC names. (a) ethanamide (b) methylethanoate (c) propanoic acid (d) 2-butanone (5) Write the structure of the following ethers and amines from their common names (a) methyl propyl (b) trimethylamine (6) Decide whether the following alcohols are polar or nonpolar (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH (b) CH3CH2OHarrow_forwardDefine the relationship between the molecules ( enantiomers , diastereomers structural isomers ( constitutional isomers ) , or identical . Locate the chiral centers and assign the absolute configuration for each of them .arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning