Modern Physics
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781111794378
Author: Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 1, Problem 17P
(a)
To determine
The speed and the direction of a galaxy A for which the absorption line found at 550 nm for a stationary galaxy is shifted to 450 nm for galaxy A.
(b)
To determine
The speed and the direction of a galaxy B for which the absorption line found at 550 nm for a stationary galaxy is shifted to 700 nm for galaxy B.
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3) (a) How fast and in what direction must galaxy A be moving if an absorp-
tion line found at wavelength 550nm (green) for a stationary galaxy is shifted
to 450 nm (blue) (a "blue-shift") for galaxy A?
(b) How fast and in what direction is galaxy B moving if it shows the same line
shifted to 700 nm (red) (a "red shift")?
In vacuum, the H-alpha line has a rest-frame wavelength of 656.461 nm. You took a spectrum of the center of a galaxy at an observatory on the ground and measured a wavelength of 656.65 nm for the H-alpha line. What is the radial velocity of the galaxy relative to the observer [km/s]? Note that the index of refraction of air is 1.0003 at that wavelength. As a result, the rest-frame wavelength of the H-alpha line in air differs from the rest-frame wavelength in vacuum.
If a galaxy moving away from the Earth has a speed of 1000 km/s and emits 656 nm light characteristic of hydrogen (the most common element in the universe). Why is the speed of the Earth in its orbit negligible here?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Modern Physics
Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 1ECh. 1.2 - Exercise 2 Conservation of Linear Momentum Is...Ch. 1.5 - If the speed of the observer is increased by 5.0%,...Ch. 1.5 - If the ship moves past the observer at 0.01000c,...Ch. 1.6 - Prob. 5ECh. 1 - What two measurements will two observers in...Ch. 1 - A spaceship in the shape of a sphere moves past an...Ch. 1 - An astronaut moves away from Earth at a speed...Ch. 1 - Two identically constructed clocks are...Ch. 1 - Two lasers situated on a moving spacecraft are...
Ch. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - When we speak of time dilation, do we mean that...Ch. 1 - Prob. 8QCh. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - It is said that Einstein, in his teenage years,...Ch. 1 - Prob. 11QCh. 1 - What happens to the density of an object as its...Ch. 1 - In a lab frame of reference, an observer finds...Ch. 1 - Prob. 2PCh. 1 - Prob. 3PCh. 1 - An airplane flying upwind, downwind, and crosswind...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5PCh. 1 - Prob. 6PCh. 1 - A clock on a moving spacecraft runs 1 s slower per...Ch. 1 - A meter stick moving in a direction parallel to...Ch. 1 - A spacecraft moves at a speed of 0.900c. If its...Ch. 1 - The average lifetime of a pi meson in its own...Ch. 1 - An atomic clock is placed in a jet airplane. The...Ch. 1 - An astronaut at rest on Earth has a heartbeat rate...Ch. 1 - The muon is an unstable particle that...Ch. 1 - A rod of length L0 moves with a speed v along the...Ch. 1 - The classical Doppler shift for light. A light...Ch. 1 - Calculate, for the judge, how fast you were going...Ch. 1 - Prob. 17PCh. 1 - Prob. 18PCh. 1 - Two spaceships approach each other, each moving...Ch. 1 - Prob. 20PCh. 1 - An observer on Earth observes two spacecraft...Ch. 1 - Speed of light in a moving medium. The motion of a...Ch. 1 - An observer in frame S sees lightning...Ch. 1 - As seen from Earth, two spaceships A and B are...Ch. 1 - Prob. 25PCh. 1 - The proper length of one spaceship is three times...Ch. 1 - Prob. 27PCh. 1 - Prob. 28PCh. 1 - A spaceship moves away from Earth at a speed v and...Ch. 1 - An observer in a rocket moves toward a mirror at...Ch. 1 - A physics professor on Earth gives an exam to her...Ch. 1 - A yet-to-be-built spacecraft starts from Earth...Ch. 1 - Suppose our Sun is about to explode. In an effort...Ch. 1 - Two powerless rockets are on a collision course....Ch. 1 - Prob. 35PCh. 1 - Suzanne observes two light pulses to be emitted...Ch. 1 - An observer in reference frame S sees two events...Ch. 1 - A spacecraft is launched from the surface of the...Ch. 1 - An Earth satellite used in the Global Positioning...Ch. 1 - Prob. 40P
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- What speed should a galaxy move with respect to us so that the sodium line at 589.0 nm is observed at 589.6 nm?arrow_forwardIt can be shown that if an object orbiting a star of mass M in a circular orbit of radius R has speed v, then Rv? M Suppose a star orbits the center of the galaxy it is contained in with an orbit that is nearly circular with radius 18 R = 2.5 x 10 and velocity v = 230 km/s. Use the result above to estimate the mass of the portion of the galaxy inside the star's orbit (place all of this mass at the center of the orbit). Mass =arrow_forwardIn the red shift of radiation from a distant galaxy, a certain radiation, known to have a wavelength of 434 nm when observed in the laboratory, has a wavelength of 462 nm. (a)What is the radial speed of the galaxy relative to Earth? (b) Is the galaxy approaching or receding from Earth?arrow_forward
- The most distant quasar is "J0313-1806". Its redshift is z = 7.64. [ z = (femitted - fobserved)/ fobserved] Assume that the redshift is due to relative motion. Then how fast is the quasar moving away from Earth? (speed as the fraction of c = ) | .704 According to Hubble's Law, the distance (r) depends on the speed of recession (v) according to v = Hor where Ho~ 20km/s Mly How many years are required for light to travel from the quasar to Earth? (years = )arrow_forwardDistances to very remote galaxies are estimated based on their apparent type, which indicate the number of stars in thegalaxy, and their measured brightness. Explain how the measured brightness would vary with distance. Would there be anycorrection necessary to compensate for the red shift of the galaxy (all distant galaxies have significant red shifts)? Discusspossible causes of uncertainties in these measurementsarrow_forwardA space based observatory collects light emitted by a given galaxy. The light was initially emitted with a frequency of 600*10^12Hz but the detected signal is red shifted by 40*10^12Hz How fast is the galaxy moving and in what direction? Show the algebraic form of any equation(s) that you apply and report your calculation in the correct units and with the correct number of significant figures.arrow_forward
- Hubble's law can be stated in vector form as v = HR. Outside the local group of galaxies, all objects are moving away from us with velocities proportional to their positions relative to us. In this form, it sounds as if our location in the Universe is specially privileged. Prove that Hubble's law is equally true for an observer elsewhere in the Uni- verse. Proceed as follows. Assume we are at the origin of coordinates, one galaxy cluster is at location R, and has velocity v, = HR relative to us, and another galaxy cluster has position vector R, and velocity v, = HR, Suppose the speeds are nonrelativistic. Consider the frame of reference of an observer in the first of these galaxy clusters. (a) Show that our velocity relative to her, together with the position vector of our galaxy cluster from hers, satisfies Hubble's law. (b) Show that the position and velocity of cluster 2 rel- ative to cluster 1 satisfy Hubble's law.arrow_forwardAll galaxies farther away than about 50×106 ly exhibit a red shift in their emitted light that is proportional to distance, with those farther and farther away having progressively greater red shifts. What does this imply, assuming that the only source of red shift is relative motion? (Hint: At these large distances, it is space itself that is expanding, but the effect on light is the same.)arrow_forwardA certain galaxy is observed to be receding from the Sun at a rate of 8000 km/sec. The distance to this Galaxy I measured independently and found to be 1.4 x 10 to the eighth power pc. Using these data , what is the value of the Hubble constant ?arrow_forward
- A galaxy is observed to recede from Earth with an approximate speed of 0.81c. Approximately how far d from Earth is this galaxy? Give an answer in units of megaparsecs (Mpc). d = ? Mpc How long ago t was the light that we see emitted by the galaxy? Give an answer in units of years. t = ? yearsarrow_forwardA galaxy is found to be receding at a velocity of 3.0 x 104 km-s-1. Calculate the distance to the galaxy.arrow_forwardA galaxy is observed to be at 10.0 Mpc from Earth. If it is receding at 520 km/s, calculate the Hubble's constant.arrow_forward
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