write down the balanced equation of the reaction catalyzed by the nonphosphorylating NAD+- dependent glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and draw the substrates and products
Q: Identify the correct name or abbreviation for the given nucleoside or nucleotide. guanosine ADP dADP…
A: Nucleosides are composed of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.Nucleotides are composed of a…
Q: Two of the key carbonic anhydrases are in the muscles and in the lungs. What would you expect the…
A: The major difference between the carbonic anhydrases in muscles and lungs lies in their respective…
Q: Suppose that each ß-adrenergic receptor bound to epinephrine converts 100 molecules of the Ga…
A: Biochemical signal transduction pathways taking place within lifeforms have the ability to amplify…
Q: Which of the following statements describes one reason that plant oils are generally healthier for…
A: Plant oils are liquid fats extracted from various plant sources, such as seeds, nuts, and fruits.…
Q: 3. Fates of pyruvate. Pyruvate has several metabolic fates (some of which you'll learn later) but in…
A: Pyruvate is an important product of glycolysis. It can also be defined as an important junction…
Q: Which of the following is not a CYP450 catalyzed oxidation/reduction reaction? O A. deamination OB.…
A: The Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the…
Q: Glucagon is a hormone that is released when the level of glucose in the blood is low. Glucagon uses…
A: Glucagon is secreted by the α cells of pancreas.Glucagon is a hormone that helps to regulate blood…
Q: The full structure for the polypeptide found in wasp venom is shown. Identify the individual amino…
A:
Q: More and more bacteria are becoming antibiotic-resistant. How might this affect our ability to fight…
A: When bacteria evolves mechanism to nullify the effect of antibiotics used on them.This generally…
Q: Using the values of pKas in the table below, calculate the pỈ for DTLH. Properties of some amino…
A:
Q: 3. (a) The (acid) Bohr effect is defined as the up- take of protons by hemoglobin molecules at pH ≤…
A: The picture displays the deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) oxygen dissociation curves (ODCs) for humans and…
Q: 1. As has been discussed in class the electron transport chain is the first part of oxidative…
A: The electron transport chain (ETC) is a collection of protein complexes found in prokaryotes' plasma…
Q: Which of the following are ligands bound to the porphyrin ring Fe(II) ion in oxymyoglobin? His E7…
A: In oxymyoglobin (a heme-containing protein), the porphyrin ring surrounds the iron (Fe) ion, and…
Q: Question 9 Use the following information to answer Questions 9 and Part c.Consider the reduction of…
A: There are four classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Q: Which of the following lipids would you expect to find as a structural component in a membrane, and…
A: Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes in all living…
Q: What kind of catalysis is cysteine driving in this picture? H-N. Metal catalysis Covalent catalysis…
A: General Acid/Base Catalysis: Catalysis involves proton transfer from weak acid or to weak base other…
Q: Question 9 Use the following information to answer Questions 9 and Part c.Consider the reduction of…
A: Stereoisomers are isomers that have the same molecular formula, same connectivity of atoms but…
Q: You are studying a biochemical pathway that requires ATP as an energy source. To your dismay, the…
A: ATP is the energy currency that the cell spends on metabolic transactions. ATP is produced in two…
Q: The F₁F. - ATP synthase is a molecular machine that converts the proton motive force into enzymatic…
A: The molecular device known as F1F0-ATP synthase transforms the proton motive force into enzymatic…
Q: What are the differences in atp formation in glycolysis vs oxidative met
A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a critical molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular…
Q: 10) Explain how the Km and [VO] of a reaction between a fixed amount of catalase and a gradually…
A: An allosteric inhibitor doesn't competes with the substrate for binding at active site. It binds to…
Q: Proto-oncogenes are genes that have the potential to become oncogenes through either mutation or an…
A: Genes are the segments of DNA that code for proteins. These are passed from parents to offspring. A…
Q: 10.32 Give an explanation for the Lineweaver-Burk plot for a certain enzyme-catalyzed reaction shown…
A: Michaelis Menten equation describes the mathematical relationship between initial rate of reaction…
Q: As described in 4C above, PLP-dependent enzymes can generate formaldehyde from serine. This compound…
A: Protonation/deprotonation is a common step in biochemical reaction. Enzymatic reactions can proceed…
Q: Sort the following steps of GPCR signal propagation (you may not use all the steps): A)…
A: G protein coupled receptors are protein receptors that are found closely associated with G proteins…
Q: Atovaquone is an antifungal used to treat fungal pneumonia. It is a structural analog of coenzyme Q…
A: ETC consists of four protein complexes called Complex I, II, III and IV that transport electrons…
Q: 200 microliters of a standard solution of 0.200 mg/mL caffeine was mixed with 4.8 mL of 50 mM sodium…
A: Equation of dilution: M1 × V1 = M2 × V2where:M1 is the molar concentration of the stock solution.M2…
Q: Single stranded DNA.
A: DNA:Its full form is deoxyribonucleic acid.It carries genetic instructions for the development,…
Q: What are the main products of anaerobic glycolysis? Hoe does each one get metabolized?
A: Anaerobic glycolysis is defined as a metabolic process which takes place when oxygen is not present…
Q: We did an experiment about carbohydrate chemistry and the prof did not elaborate on the details. She…
A: Carbohydrates are abundantly found in the plants.In animals they are found in storage form such as…
Q: Identify factors that account for the high phosphoryl-transfer potential of the nucleoside…
A: Phosphoryl transfer potential (PTP) is the measure of tendency of a molecule to donate its phosphate…
Q: Why might the compound below be a potent transition state analog inhibitor for isocitrate…
A: Transition states are short-lived species that arise as a substrate is being converted to a product…
Q: Match the structures and common names of the three fatty acids to their systematic names.…
A: There are four classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and…
Q: Discuss the relationship between the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.
A: Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It involves the…
Q: An alpha-helix transmembrane protein has 35 amino acid residues embedded in a lipid bilayer…
A: The repeating unit of an alpha-helix is the helix turn. Each helical turn in alpha-helix has an…
Q: Melibiose is a disaccharide found in artichokes. It consists of galactose and glucose linked by an…
A: a) Melibiose is a disaccharide which is formed by an α- 1,6 - glycosidic bond between glucose and…
Q: calculating the “Activity ([PNPP]) for each Supernatent.
A: Here we are undertaking the acid phosphatase assay. Acid phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis…
Q: You discover a new polysaccharide that has no branching whatsoever. What do you predict is the role…
A: A polysaccharide is a type of carbohydrate made up of long chains of sugar molecules linked…
Q: Alpha carotene has an Rf value of .97. Explain the significance of this value in terms of the…
A: When doing thin layer chromatography, the stationary phase is the water molecules trapped in the…
Q: The graph shows the hormone-binding specificity of a hypothetical membrane receptor. The results are…
A: The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is used as a measure of affinity between a hormone and…
Q: An organism no longer needs to express a particular gene. What is one strategy it might use of the…
A: Genes are segments of DNA that can be translated into functional proteins. The collective process of…
Q: Using a biochemical technique called site-directed mutagenesis, it is possible to substitute a…
A: Site-directed mutagenesis is a method employed in the lab to perform accurate and deliberate…
Q: You discover a protein that displays improved catalytic efficiency. Would you predict that this…
A: Catalytic efficiency, can be defined as a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates…
Q: Which of the following amino acids are most likely to be present on the surface of Protein A in the…
A: Proteins are big molecules. The hydrophobic effects are generally predominant weak interactions to…
Q: Place the following molecules in order from highest to lowest phosphoryl transfer ability (most…
A: Phosphoryl group transfer ability is a measure of how good of a phosphate group donor a molecule is.…
Q: Coenzyme A, NAD+, and FAD are coenzymes that are necessary for energy production. Determine whether…
A: NAD+, FAD and Coenzyme A are all coenzymes that serve specific roles in different metabolic…
Q: Decide whether each molecule in the table below could be found embedded in the outer surface of a…
A: Cell membranes are mostly composed of phospholipids. An important characteristic of phospholipids is…
Q: structure so they can which below, II. While there are many different types of inhibitors, most have…
A: Hello! Thank you for the question. Since we do not have the information regarding the amino acid…
Q: Which of the following vitamins do you expect to enter the cell via diffusion (i.e., NOT need a…
A: Diffusion refers to the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of…
Q: 3. Now for the citric acid cycle, it is time to follow the carbons! Using labeled pyruvate:…
A: Citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that regenerates oxaloacetate from citrate. Acetyl CoA from…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps with 3 images
- In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes. What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?Consider one of the reactions of the citric acid cycle shown below Malate + NAD+ ⇆ Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ (malate dehydrogenase) ΔG˚′ = +29.7 kJ/mol. Describe two factors that allow this thermodynamically unfavorable reaction to occur in the direction of malate to oxaloacetate.Certain microorganisms with an incomplete citric acid cycle decarboxylate α-ketoglutarate to produce succinate semialdehyde. A dehydrogenase then converts succinate semialdehyde to succinate. These reactions can be combined with other standard citric acid cycle reactions to create a pathway from citrate to oxaloacetate. Compare the ATP and reduced cofactor yield of the standard and alternate pathways.
- Some anaerobic prokaryotes reduce elemental sulfur to H2S. Assuming 100% efficiency, how much ATP could be synthesized by the oxidation of acetate by S under standard conditions?Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli synthesizes an NADH-dependent fumarate reductase rather than succinatedehydrogenase, the flavoprotein that oxidizes succinate to fumarate. a) Write an equation for the reaction catalyzed by fumarate reductase.b) NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction is re-oxidized by reducing an organicintermediate. Rather than reduce pyruvate to lactate, anaerobic E. coli utilize fumarate reductase. However, underanaerobiosis, the activity of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is virtually nonexistent. Show how fumarate is formed, usinga reaction beginning with PEP and including the necessary TCA cycle enzymes.c) What is the metabolic advantage to anaerobic E. coli in using the fumarate reductase pathway rather than lactatedehydrogenase to re-oxidize NADH?The krebs cycle has 8 enzymes: citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehyrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl –CoA synthease, succinate dehyrogenase, fumarase and malate dehyrogenase. a)Write name the cofactors required by each enzyme reaction. b)For each enzyme determine which of the following deascribes the type of reactions catalyzed: condensation (Carbon-carbon bond formation), dehydration (Loss of water), hydration (addition of water), decarboxylation (loss of CO2), oxidation-reduction; subsrate level phospohorylation; isomerization.
- In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate →succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate. Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains the observation that these intermediates were still present? a) The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down. b) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the process. c) Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption,…Arsenate (HAsO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerateBecause of the position of arsenic in the periodic table, arsenate (AsO43- ) is chemically similar to inorganic phosphate and is used by phosphaterequiring enzymes as an alternative substrate. Organic arsenates are quite unstable, however, and spontaneously hydrolyze. Arsenate is known to inhibit ATP production in glycolysis. Identify the target enzyme, and explain the mechanism of inhibition.
- Organisms growing anaerobically cannot perform glycolysis for long without reducing the pyruvate from glycolysis into another compound, most commonly to lactate or to ethanol plus CO2. Both of these reactions are given below in their unbalanced forms. Explain in one sentence why one of these reducing steps is needed to sustain anaerobic glycolysis.Arsenate (HASO42-) can replace inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, causing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to be directly converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (NADH is still formed). If a cell is expose to Arsenate, which of the following metabolites of glycolysis will not be detectable in the cell? 2-phosphoglycerate B 3-phosphoglycerate Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate E 1,3-bisphosphoglycerateAlthough both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6- phosphate formed by hexokinase?