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- The binding of sodium ions (Na+) to a membrane protein is one of the first steps in initiation of the sodium-potassium pump that moves these ions across the membrane. The picture shows the inital set up in this process. How does the protein get the energy needed to continue the process of moving the (Na+) across the cell membrane? Membrane Protein ONa+ Inside the Cell A. O O Nat oc Outside the Cell Con Mitochondria will attach to the protein and provide the energy to push the Na+ through the protein. Energy from ADP is released and a channel in the membrane protein permanently B. opens, resulting in the passage of the Nat. Energy produced from the difference in solute concentration on both sides of the O c. membrane pulls the Na+ through the protein. Con с ATP attaches to the protein and releases a phosphate, making energy available to OD. change the shape of the protein and allowing the passage of the Nat.The following are steps that occur when a protein is targeted for synthesis on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Which of the following indicates the correct sequence for the signal mechanism that targets proteins for the ER? The SRP leaves and polypeptide synthesis resumes, with simultaneous translocation across the membrane. Polypeptide synthesis begins on a free ribosome in the cytosol. An SRP binds to the signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily. The rest of the completed polypeptide leaves the ribosome and folds into its final conformation. The SRP binds to a receptor protein in the ER membrane that is part of a protein complex that forms a pore. The signal peptide is cleaved by an enzyme in the receptor protein complex. A. 2, 3, 5, 1, 6, 4 B. 2 ,3, 5, 6, 1, 4 C. 3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4 D. 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 4Some drugs can prevent the formation of new lysosomes. However, a cell would continue to make hydrolytic enzymes from the DNA still contained in the cell. Where would you most likely find these enzymes after the drug treatment? O Golgi Complex O Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum O Nucleus O Mitochondrion Strikingly different signaling systems can operate in similar ways. For example, ethylene gas released by ripening fruits diffuses through the air from plant to
- Imagine that there is a mutation in the SRP receptor that disrupts its function. What is the logical outcome of this? Select all statements below that are true. Oa. SRP will no longer bind to the signal peptide O b. Membrane protein insertion will no longer occur correctly O c. SRP will no longer bind the SRP receptor O d. Vesicular movement from the ER to Golgi is inhibited O e. Proteins are no longer able to enter the secretory systemWhich of the following statements on the synthesis of collagen and cell adhesion molecules is FALSE? both are transcribed from genes translation of both occurs in the rough ER both require vesicle transport both require exocytosis O both undergo final assembly in the extracellular spaceIntegrins are important in cell crawling because they anchor the leading edge of the cell to the surface it is moving over they are receptors for diffusible chemical ligands that determine the direction the cell will move in they cross-link actin filaments to microtubules and intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton they serve as nucleating sites for polymerization of new actin filaments
- Microtubules are important for transporting cargo in nerve cell axons, as diagrammed in Figure Q17- 33. Notice that the two types of cargo are traveling in opposite directions. Which of the following statements is likely to be false? cell body microtubule axon Figure Q17-33 inward transport axon terminal The black cargo and the gray cargo require ATP hydrolysis for their motion. The gray cargo is attached to dynein. outward transport The black cargo and the gray cargo are moving along microtubules of opposite polarity. The black cargo moving toward the axon terminal contains a domain that specifically interacts with the tail domain of a particular kind of motor.Adjacent plant cells have narrow channels called plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls of the connected cells. Which of the following statements best describes a primary function of plasmodesmata? A B с D They eliminate the need for cells to have receptors for signaling molecules. They eliminate the need to produce signaling molecules. They decrease the energy requirements for active transport. They allow the movement of nutrients and signaling molecules across adjacent cells.Neurons have long thin processes called axons, structuresspecialized for conducting signals throughout the organism’s nervous system. Some axonal processes can be as long as 2 m—for example, the axons that originate in your spinal cord and terminate in the muscles of your toes. Small membrane-enclosed vesicles carrying materials essential to axonal function move along microtubules of the cytoskeleton, from the cell body to the tips of the axons. If the average velocity of a vesicle is 1 μm/s, how long does it take a vesicle to move from a cell body in the spinal cord to the axonal tip in the toes?
- What is the significance of the protein-lined pits? O Protein attracts other proteins needed for ATP synthesis within the cell. Protein-lined pits are able to transport one molecule at a time down the concentration gradient within the cell. The polarity of proteins allows other polar molecules to attach and be transported in the cell by transport channels. Receptors within the pits allow ligands to fuse and be transported into the cell by endocytosis.Which of the following can be used to describe both desmosomes and adherens junctions? Select all that apply. They provide strong attachments through linkage with actin cytoskeleton O They provide strong attachments through linkage with intermediate filaments Both of them function to hold adjacent cells firmly together O Types of cadherin proteins are used to mediate cell-cell adhesionThe orientation of the Krt1 protein on the membrane of a Golgi-derived vesicle that will fuse with the plasma membrane is shown in the figure below. Krt1 protein N-terminus Which of the following is false? inside of vesicle When the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the phospholipids of the vesicle will become part of the cell outer membrane When the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the black box between N and C-termini of the Krt1 will be inserted into the plasma membrane When the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the C-terminus of Krt1 will be cytoplasmic. When the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane , the C-terminus of Krt1 will be in the extracellular space